Keywords cloud
Hydrogen was added to the argon-nitrogen gaseous medium to intensify the nitriding process. Comparative characteristics of the structure and microhardness of the modified surfaces of the steels under study for two ion-plasma nitriding technologies are presented. The results of the conducted research can be used to strengthen the surfaces of the steel parts in rocket and space technology, applying high-strength coatings. Eastern-European journal of Enterprise Technologies. M., Sokolova G. Problemy trybologii. Modern Innovation, Systems and Technologies. Adhajani H., Behrangi S. Vostochno-Yevropeyskiy journal peredovykh tekhnologiy.
]]>12. Hardening of steels modifying their surfaces with ion-plasma nitriding in glow discharge
Organization:
Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine1; Ukrainian State University of Science and Technologies2
Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2024, (1); 102-113
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2024.01.102
Language: Ukrainian
Annotation: Steel hardening technology is considered, which implies modification of the steel surface with the method of ion-plasma nitriding in glow discharge. Ion-plasma nitriding is a multi-factor process, which requires the study of the influence of nitriding process conditions on the structure of modified layers, which, in its turn, determines their mechanical properties. The subjects of research included: austenitic steel 12X18Н10T, carbon steel Ст3 and structural steel 45. There were two conditions of plasma creation during the research: free location of samples on the surface of the cathode (configuration I) and inside the hollow cathode (configuration II). Optimal parameters of the ion-plasma nitriding process have been determined, which provide stability of the process and create conditions for intensive diffusion of nitrogen into the steel surface. Hydrogen was added to the argon-nitrogen gaseous medium to intensify the nitriding process. Working pressure in the chamber was maintained within the range of 250-300 Pa, the duration of the process was 120 minutes. Comparative characteristics of the structure and microhardness of the modified surfaces of the steels under study for two ion-plasma nitriding technologies are presented. Metallographic examination of the structure of the surface modified layers in the cross section showed the presence of the laminated nitrided layer, which consists of different phases and has different depths, depending on the material of the sample and treatment mode. Nitrided layer of 12Х18Н10Т steel consisted of four sublayers: upper “white” nitride layer, double diffuse layer and lower transition layer. The total depth of the nitrided layer after the specified treatment time reached 23 μm, use of hollow cathode increased it by 26% to 29 μm. The nitrided layers of steel Ст3 and steel 45 consisted of two sublayers – thick “white” nitride layer and general diffuse layer with a thickness of about 18 μm. The microhardness of the nitrided layer of steel Ст3 was 480 HV, increasing by 2,5 times, and for steel 45 was 440 HV, increasing by 1,7 times. The use of hollow cathode for these steels reduces the depth of the nitrided layer, but at the same time the microhardness increases due to the formation of a thicker and denser nitride layer on the surface. The results of the conducted research can be used to strengthen the surfaces of the steel parts in rocket and space technology, applying high-strength coatings.
Key words: ion nitriding, glow discharge, cross-sectional layer structure, hardening, microhardness
Bibliography:
1. Loskutova T. V., Pogrebova I. S., Kotlyar S. M., Bobina M. M., Kapliy D. A., Kharchenko N. A., Govorun T. P. Physichni ta tekhnologichni parametry azotuvannya stali Х28 v seredovyschi amiaku. Journal nano-elektronnoi physiki. 2023. №1(15). s. 1-4.
2. Al-Rekaby D. W., Kostyk V., Glotka A., Chechel M. The choice of the optimal temperature and time parameters of gas nitriding of steel. Eastern-European journal of Enterprise Technologies. 2016. V. 3/5(81). P.44-49. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2016.69809
3. Yunusov A. I., Yesipov R. S. Vliyanie sostava gazovoy sredy na process ionnogo azotirovaniya martensitnoy stali 15Х16К5НР2МВФАБ-Ш. Vestnik nauki. 2023. №5(62). s. 854-863.
4. Zakalov O. V. Osnovy tertya i znoshuvannya u mashinah: navch. posibnik, vydavnytstvo TNTU im. I. Pulyuya, Ternopil. 2011. 332 s.
5. Kindrachuk M. V., Zagrebelniy V. V., Khizhnyak V. G., Kharchenko N. A. Technologichni aspeckty zabespechennya pratsezdatnosti instrument z shvydkorizalnykh staley. Problemy tertya ta znoshuvannya. 2016. №1 (70). S. 67-78.
6. Skiba M. Ye., Stechishyna N. M., Medvechku N. K., Stechishyn M. S., Lyukhovets’ V. V. Bezvodneve azotuvannya u tliyuchomu rozryadi, yak metod pidvyschennya znosostiykisti konstruktsiynykh staley. Visn. Khmelnitskogo natsionalnogo universitetu. 2019. №5. S. 7-12. https://doi.org/10.23939/law2019.22.012
7. Axenov I. I. Vakkumno-dugovye pokrytiya. Technologiya, materialy, struktura i svoistva. Kharkov, 2015. 379 s.
8. Pastukh I. M., Sokolova G. N., Lukyanyuk N. V. Azotirovanie v tleyuschem razryade: sostoyanie i perspektyvy. Problemy trybologii. 2013. №3. S. 18-22.
9. Pastukh I. M. Teoriya i praktika bezvodorodnogo azotirovanniya v tleuschem razryade: izdatelstvo NNTs KhFTI. Kharkov, 2006. 364 s.
10. Sagalovich O. V., Popov V. V., Sagalovich V. V. Plasmove pretsenziyne azotuvannya AVINIT N detaley iz staley i splaviv. Technologicheskie systemy. 2019. №4. S. 50-56.
11. Kozlov A. A. Nitrogen potential during ion nitriding process in glow-discharge plasma. Science and Technique. 2015. Vol. 1. P. 79-90.
12. Nadtoka V., Kraiev M., Borisenko А., Kraieva V. Multi-component nitrated ion-plasma Ni-Cr coating. Journal of Physics and Electronics. 2021. №29(1). Р. 61–64. DOI 10.15421/332108. https://doi.org/10.15421/332108
13. Nadtoka V., Kraiev M., Borisenko A., Bondar D., Gusarova I. Heat-resistant MoSi2–NbSi2 and Cr–Ni coatings for rocket engine combustion chambers and respective vacuum-arc deposition technology/ 74th International Astronautical Congress (IAC-23-C2.4.2), Baku, Azerbaijan, 2-6 October 2023.
14. Kostik K. O., Kostik V. O. Porivnyalniy analiz vplyvu gazovogo ta ionno-plazmovogo azotuvannya na zminu struktury i vlastyvostey legovannoi stali 30Х3ВА. Visnik NTU «KhPI». 2014. №48(1090). S. 21-41.
15. Axenov I. I., Axenov D. S., Andreev A. A., Belous V. A., Sobol’ O.V. Vakuumno-dugovye pokrytiya: technologia, materialy, struktura, svoistva: VANT NNTs KhFTI, Kharkov. 2015. 380 s.
16. Pidkova V. Ya. Modyfikuvannya poverkhni stali 12Х18Н10Т ionnoyu implantatsieyu azotom. Technology audit and production reserves. 2012. Vol. 3/2(5). P. 51-52. https://doi.org/10.15587/2312-8372.2012.4763
17. Kosarchuk V. V., Kulbovsliy I. I., Agarkov O. V. Suchasni metody zmitsnennya i pidvyschennya znosostiykosti par tertya. Ch. 2. Visn. Natsionalnogo transportnogo universytetu. 2016. Vyp. 1(34). S. 202-210.
18. Budilov V. V., Agzamov R. D., Ramzanov K. N. Issledovanie i razrabotka metodov khimiko-termicheskoy obrabotki na osnove strukturno-fasovogo modifitsirovaniya poverkhnisti detaley silnotochnymi razryadami v vakuume. Vestnik UGATU. Mashinostroenie. 2007. T. 9, №1(19). S. 140-149.
19. Abrorov A., Kuvoncheva M., Mukhammadov M. Ion-plasma nitriding of disc saws of the fiber-extracting machine. Modern Innovation, Systems and Technologies. 2021. Vol. 1(3). P. 30-35. https://doi.org/10.47813/2782-2818-2021-1-3-30-35
20. Smolyakova M. Yu., Vershinin D. S., Tregubov I. M. Issledovaniya vliyaniya nizkotemperaturnogo azotirovanniya na strukturno-fasoviy sostav i svoistva austenitnoy stali. Vzaimodeystvie izlecheniy s tverdym telom: materialy 9-oi Mezhdunarodnoy konferentsii (Minsk, 20-22 sentyabrya 2011 g.). Minsk, 2011. S. 80-82.
21. Adhajani H., Behrangi S. Plasma Nitriding of Steel: Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Material Engineering by series editor Bergmann C.P. 2017. 186 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43068-3
22. Fernandes B.B. Mechanical properties of nitrogen-rich surface layers on SS304 treated by plasma immersion ion implantation. Applied Surface Science. 2014. Vol. 310. P. 278-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.04.142
23. Khusainov Yu. G., Ramazanov K. N., Yesipov R. S., Issyandavletova G. B. Vliyanie vodoroda na process ionnogo azotirovanniya austenitnoy stali 12Х18Н10Т. Vestnik UGATU. 2017. №2(76). S. 24-29.
24. Sobol’ O. V., Andreev A. A., Stolbovoy V. A., Knyazev S. A., Barmin A. Ye., Krivobok N. A. Issledovanie vliyaniya rezhimov ionnogo azotirovanniya na strukturu i tverdost’ stali. Vostochno-Yevropeyskiy journal peredovykh tekhnologiy. 2015. №2(80). S. 63-68. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2016.63659
25. Kaplun V. G. Osobennosti formirovanniya diffusionnogo sloya pri ionnom azotirovannii v bezvodorodnykh sredakh. FIP. 2003. T1, №2. S. 145.
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2018 (1); 39-45 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2018.01.039 Language: Russian Annotation: The paper considers the project of prospective integrated gas purification device for large-sized LRE test stand. Key words: Bibliography: 1. Sokolov E. Y., Zinger N. Abramovich G. MODELING OF CHEMICAL AND PHASE EQUILIBRIUMS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES (ACTPA.4 рс). September.2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2018.01.039 . Missile armaments Том: 2018 Випуск: 2018 (1) Рік: 2018 Сторінки: 39—45.doi: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2018.01.039 . Missile armaments Том: 2018 Випуск: 2018 (1) Рік: 2018 Сторінки: 39—45.doi: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2018.01.039 .
]]>7. Prospective Gas Purification Device for LRE Test Bench
Organization:
Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine
Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2018 (1); 39-45
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2018.01.039
Language: Russian
Annotation: The paper considers the project of prospective integrated gas purification device for large-sized LRE test stand. The prognostic mathematical models are presented for evaluation of ecological indices of the integrated gas purification equipment.
Key words:
Bibliography:
1. Sokolov E. Y., Zinger N. M. Jet Devices. 3rd edition, revised. М., 1989. 352 p.
2. Abramovich G. N. Applied Gas Dynamics. In 2 parts. Part 1: Study guide for technical universities. 3rd edition, revised and enlarged. М., 1991. 600 p.
3. MODELING OF CHEMICAL AND PHASE EQUILIBRIUMS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES (ACTPA.4 рс). Version1:16. Description of Use. М., 1996. 51 p.
4. Gusev N. G., Belyayev V. A. Radioactive Emissions in Biosphere. М., 1991. 255 p.
5. Noise Control in Industry: Guide / Under the general editorship of E. Y. Yudin. М., 1985. 400 p.
6. Calculation and Measurement of Characteristics of Noise Created in Far Acoustic Field by Jet Aircraft / Under the editorship of L. I. Sorokin. М., 1968. 100 p.
7. GOST 31295.2-2005. Noise. Sound Attenuation at Propagation on Terrain. P. 2. General Calculation Method. 35 p.
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1 , Sokol G. Sokol G. Sokol// Systemne proektuvannya ta analiz characteristic aerokosmichoi techniki: Zb. Sokol G. M., Sokol G. M., Sokol G. M., Sokol G. M., Sokol G. M., Sokol G. M., Sokol G.
]]>9. Modeling of Cyclone-4M Rocket Jet Acoustic Emission by Volumetric Source
Organization:
Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine1; Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, Dnipro, Ukraine2
Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2019, (1); 64-71
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2019.01.064
Language: Russian
Annotation: During lift-off of integrated launch vehicles, the propulsion system jet generates acoustic field. Therewith, the loads can be created that are critical for the launching equipment, rocket body and especially for the spacecraft, which are under the fairing. To take into account the effects on these elements, it is necessary to determine the characteristics of generated acoustic field. The method was developed that allows modeling the acoustic fields during integrated launch vehicle lift-off based on determination of acoustic sources type. In particular, modeling of Cyclone-4M ILV jet acoustic radiation by bulky source was performed. This provided the possibility to calculate acoustic pressure amplitudes in ILV ambient medium and to evaluate acoustic effect on the rocket body at certain points. The method is expected to be used to investigate kR wave parameter. The modeling of integrated launch vehicle propulsion system (ILV PS) jet acoustic field as bulky radiation source was performed in the rocket flight leg where ILV ascent altitude does not exceed ~ 25 m. In this case, one should be based on the value of boundary frequency fb =150 Hz which separates two types of acoustic field: fb ˂ 150 Hz – front of acoustic wave of spherical type, fb > 150 Hz – front of acoustic wave of flat type. The algorithm and program of calculation of sound pressure levels were developed in JAVA language. The characteristics of acoustic fields sound pressure levels were calculated depending on radiation frequency taking into account environmental temperature. The maximal acoustic pressure level in 150 Hz frequency in the payload area outside the fairing – 155 dB, in the instrumentation bay area – 157 dB, in the intertank bay area – 172 dB, in the aft bay area – 182 dB. In the frequencies lower than 150 Hz, the sound pressure levels are lower. The calculation data are presented graphically.
Key words: integrated launch vehicle, acoustic field, sound pressure
Bibliography:
1. Dementiev V. K. O maximalnykh akusticheskykh nagruzkakh na rekety pri starte/ V. K. Dementiev, G. Ye. Dumnov, V. V. Komarov, D.A. Melnikov// Kosmonavtika I raketostroenie. 2000. Vyp. 19. P. 44-55.
2. Tsutsumi S., Ishii T., Ut K., Tokudone S., Chuuouku Y., Wado K. Acoustic Design of Launch Pad for Epsilon Launch Vehicle / Proceedings of AJCPP2014 . Asian Joint Conference on Propulsion and Power, March 5- 8, 2014, Jeju Island, Korea. AJCPP2014-090.
3. Panda J., Mosher R., Porter D.J. Identification of Noise Sources during Rocket Engine Test Firings and a Rocket Launch a Microphone Phased-Array // NASA / TM2013-216625, December 2013. P. 1-20.
4. Sokol G. I. Metod opredeleniya vida istochnikov akusticheskogo izlucheniya v pervye secundy starta raket kosmicheskogo naznacheniya/ G. I. Sokol// Systemne proektuvannya ta analiz characteristic aerokosmichoi techniki: Zb. nauk. pr. 2018. XXIV. Dnipro: Lira, 2018. P. 91-101.
5. Sokol G. I., Frolov V. P., Kotlov V. Yu. / Volnovoy parameter kak kriteriy v osnove metoda issledovaniya akusticheskikh istochnikov pro starte raket/ Aviatsionno-kosmicheskaya technika I technologia. 2018. 3 (147), May-June 2018. Kharkov: KhAI, 2018. P. 4-13. DОІ:http://doi.org /10.20535/0203- 3771332017119600.
6. Rzhevkin S. N. Kurs lektsiy po teorii zvuka/ S. N. Rzhevkin. M.: MGU, 1960. 261 p.
7. Tyulon V. N. Vvedenie v teoriyu izlucheniya I rasseyaniya zvuka / V. N. Tyulin. M.: Nauka, 1976. 253 p.
8. Sapozhkov M. A. Electroakustica/ M. A. Sapozhkov. M.: Svyaz, 1978. 272 p.
9. Grinchenko V. T., Vovk V. V., Matsipura V. T.. Osnovy akustiki. Kyiv: Nauk. dumka, 2007. 640 p.
10. Ultrazvuk: Malaya enciclopedia. M.: Nauka, 1983. 400 p.
11. Volkov K. N. Turbulentnye strui – staticheskie modeli i modelirovanie krupnykh vikhrey/ K. N. Volkov, V. N. Emelyanov, V. A. Zazimko. M.: Fizmatlit, 2013. 960 p.
12. Schildt G. Java 8. Polnoe rukovodstvo. 9-e izd. M.: Wiliams, 2015. 137 p.
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Keywords cloud
A., Sokolovskiy G.
]]>18. Designing of Servo Driver of Throttle Mechanisms and Fuel Flow Regulator of ILV Main Motor
Organization:
Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine
Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2019, (1); 122-131
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2019.01.122
Language: Russian
Annotation: The basic results of the design calculations and mathematical modelling of the control processes in the precision high-speed servo drive are presented, as well as results of experimental studies of the functional mock-up of this servo drive’s movable gears of the throttle and fuel flow regulator of the ILV main engine. Major task of the studies was theoretical and experimental verification of the required static and dynamic accuracy of the servo drive in the process of try-out of the command signals reception from the main engine’s controller. In the phase of development, theoretical study of the linearized servo drive with application of transformations and theorems of Laplace passages to the limit is conducted. Analytical dependences between servo drive circuit parametres, its elements and characteristics of the control signals are obtained. Instrument errors and servostatic elasticity of the servo drive are calculated. Calculation model including the basic nonlinearities of this servo drive is prepared. Mathematical modelling of the control processes is conducted according to the computational model, varying the circuit and design parameters of the electric drive. Results of the theoretical studies were taken as input data for the requirements specification document to develop the executive unit with the electromotor, reduction gear and output shaft position sensor, and the control box. Functional mockups of the executive unit, control box, as well as the computer-controlled technological test console were manufactured on the basis of the requirements specification documents. The required scope of the laboratory-development tests of the functional mock-up of the servo drive was conducted. Results of the conducted activities confirm the achievement of the required accuracies of the servo drive in the laboratory environment.
Key words: control system, permanent-field synchronous motor, mathematical model, computational analysis
Bibliography:
1. Programma «Mayak», raketa kosmicheskogo naznacheniya, marsheviy dvigatel’ pervoi stupeni: Techn. proekt. Dnepropetrovsk: GP KB «Yuzhnoye», 2015. 490 p.
2. Controller marshevogo dvigatelya pervoi stupeni RKN: Poyasnitelnaya zapiska. Dnepr: GP KB «Yuzhnoye», 2017. 108 p.
3. Marsheviy dvigatel pervoi stupeni RKN: Technicheskoe zadanie na razrabotku electromechanicheskogo privoda mechanizmov drosselya i regulyatora raschoda goryuchego. Dnepr: GP KB «Yuzhnoye», 2016. 68 p.
4. Basharin A. V., Novikov V. A., Sokolovskiy G. G. Upravlenie electroprivodami: Uch. posob. dlya VUZov. L.: Energoizdat, 1982. 392 p.
5. Makarov I. M., Menskiy B. M. Lineinye avtomaticheskie systemy. – 2-e izd., pererab. i dop. M.: Mashinostroenie, 1982. 504 p.
6. Otchet po rezultatam ispytania maketnogo obraztsa electromechanicheskogo privoda mechanizmov drosselya i regulyatora goruchego. Dnepr: GP KB «Yuzhnoye», 2018. 50 p.
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Keywords cloud
At the same time, it should be taken into account that the known approach to the definition of forces correlation, which uses the combat potential method, has a number of essential limitations, including the methodological ones. Key words: multifunctional system , mathematical model , military unit , combat potential , correlation of forces , defensive sufficiency Bibliography: Korshunov Yu. Sokolov A. Yevstigneev V. Tsygichko V. SereginG. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1097-8690(05)70764-2 Morozov N. https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2023.01.003 . Missile armaments Том: 2023 Випуск: 2023 (1) Рік: 2023 Сторінки: 3—13.doi: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2023.01.003 .
]]>1. On the development of a methodology for building air and missile defense systems. Explanation of the investigation mechanism
Organization:
Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine
Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2023 (1); 3-13
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2023.01.003
Language: Ukrainian
Annotation: Substantiation of the research tools has been performed as a part of methodology development for the air and missile defense system. The problem under consideration is very complex due to the multifactorial nature of the research object, its qualitative variety and manifold structure, incomplete definition of the problem statement. Furthermore, the ability of modern technologies to produce different arms systems, which are capable of carrying out same class tasks, considerably increases the risk of making not the best decisions. Based on this, as well as taking into account the sharp increase in the cost of weaponry, the considered problem is classified as an optimization one that should be solved through the theory of operations research. In this theory, such task is viewed as a mathematical problem, and mathematical simulation is the basic method of research. The main types of mathematical models, their areas of application have been considered as a part of the analysis. The classification of mathematical models has been indicated according to the scale of reproduced operations, purpose, and goal orientation. Quantitative and qualitative correlation of forces has been accepted as the efficiency criterion, which determines a goal orientation of the model. The problems related to this have been shown. In particular, searching for the compromise between simplicity of the mathematical model and its adequacy to the research object is among these problems. Two of the basic approaches to principles of the military operation model construction and its assessment have been considered. The first is implemented through modeling of the combat operations. The second approach is based on the assumption that different armament types can be compared based on their contribution to the outcome of the operation, and on the possibility to assign «a weighting coefficient» named as a combat potential to each of these types. The modern level of problem solving related to this method has been shown. The reasonability of its application in the considered task, including the definition of forces correlation of the opposing parties, has been substantiated. The basic regulations of the construction concept of the required mathematical model and tools for its research have been formulated based on the analysis results: the assigned problem should be solved by analytical methods through the theory of operations research; the analytical model is the most acceptable conception of the analyzed level of the military operation; the synthesis of the model should be based on the idea of a combat potential. At the same time, it should be taken into account that the known approach to the definition of forces correlation, which uses the combat potential method, has a number of essential limitations, including the methodological ones. Therefore, within the bounds of further research, this approach requires the development both in terms of improving the reliability of the single assessment and in terms of giving the system qualities to the synthesized mathematical model.
Key words: multifunctional system, mathematical model, military unit, combat potential, correlation of forces, defensive sufficiency
Bibliography:
- Korshunov Yu. M. Matematicheskie osnovy kibernetiki. M., 1972. 376 s.
- Pavlovskiy R. I., Karyakin V. V. Ob opyte primeneniya matematicheskih modeley. Voennaya mysl. № 3. S. 54-57.
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