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12.1.2024 Hardening of steels modifying their surfaces with ion-plasma nitriding in glow discharge

manager — Mon, 17 Jun 2024 11:36:02 +0000

12. Hardening of steels modifying their surfaces with ion-plasma nitriding in glow discharge

Authors:

Nadtoka V. M.¹, Shtapenko Ye. P.², Kraeva V. S.¹, Kraev M. V.¹

Organization:

Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine¹; Ukrainian State University of Science and Technologies²

Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2024, (1); 102-113

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2024.01.102

Language: Ukrainian

Annotation: Steel hardening technology is considered, which implies modification of the steel surface with the method of ion-plasma nitriding in glow discharge. Ion-plasma nitriding is a multi-factor process, which requires the study of the influence of nitriding process conditions on the structure of modified layers, which, in its turn, determines their mechanical properties. The subjects of research included: austenitic steel 12X18Н10T, carbon steel Ст3 and structural steel 45. There were two conditions of plasma creation during the research: free location of samples on the surface of the cathode (configuration I) and inside the hollow cathode (configuration II). Optimal parameters of the ion-plasma nitriding process have been determined, which provide stability of the process and create conditions for intensive diffusion of nitrogen into the steel surface. Hydrogen was added to the argon-nitrogen gaseous medium to intensify the nitriding process. Working pressure in the chamber was maintained within the range of 250-300 Pa, the duration of the process was 120 minutes. Comparative characteristics of the structure and microhardness of the modified surfaces of the steels under study for two ion-plasma nitriding technologies are presented. Metallographic examination of the structure of the surface modified layers in the cross section showed the presence of the laminated nitrided layer, which consists of different phases and has different depths, depending on the material of the sample and treatment mode. Nitrided layer of 12Х18Н10Т steel consisted of four sublayers: upper “white” nitride layer, double diffuse layer and lower transition layer. The total depth of the nitrided layer after the specified treatment time reached 23 μm, use of hollow cathode increased it by 26% to 29 μm. The nitrided layers of steel Ст3 and steel 45 consisted of two sublayers – thick “white” nitride layer and general diffuse layer with a thickness of about 18 μm. The microhardness of the nitrided layer of steel Ст3 was 480 HV, increasing by 2,5 times, and for steel 45 was 440 HV, increasing by 1,7 times. The use of hollow cathode for these steels reduces the depth of the nitrided layer, but at the same time the microhardness increases due to the formation of a thicker and denser nitride layer on the surface. The results of the conducted research can be used to strengthen the surfaces of the steel parts in rocket and space technology, applying high-strength coatings.

Key words: ion nitriding, glow discharge, cross-sectional layer structure, hardening, microhardness

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11.1.2024 PARAMETERS CALCULATION OF THE LUNAR REGOLITH TRANSPORT SYSTEM

manager — Mon, 17 Jun 2024 08:41:21 +0000

11. Parameters calculation of the lunar regolith transport system

Authors:

Semenenko Ye. V.¹, Biliaiev M. M.², Semenenko P. V.³

Organization:

National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, M.S. Poliakov Institute of geotechnical mechanics¹; Ukrainian State University of Science and Technologies²; Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine³

Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2024, (1); 93-101

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2024.01.093

Language: Ukrainian

Annotation: The objective of this article is to develop a scientifically proven method of calculation of the auger conveyor parameters, such as the conveyor capacity and the corresponding power of the electrical motor, for different densities and porosities of conveyed materials, the geometrical parameters of the auger, and the specificity of the gravitational fields at the place of transportation. Another objective is to investigate potential limitations of the auger parameters when transporting lunar regolith. To reach these objectives, the known relations for calculating the auger conveyor parameters were applied, as well as the fundamental laws of the granular media mechanics, the principal equations of asynchronous motor electrodynamics, and the behavior of granular media when moving it with the auger conveyor, experimentally studied by the domestic authors. It gave the possibility, for the first time for the lunar environment, to suggest a procedure to calculate the auger conveyor parameters, such as the conveyor capacity and the corresponding power of the electric motor, using known geometrical parameters of the mainline and pipeline, the auger conveyor filling ratio and the parameters of the selected electrical motor. It gave the possibilities to study how the filling ratio of the auger conveyor influences its principal performance parameters and determine potential limitations of the geometrical parameters and the filling ratios of auger conveyors according to the parameters and features of the selected electrical motor. The allowable transportation distances, diameters, other geometrical parameters of auger conveyors, and conveyor filling ratios with the selected electrical motor have been determined. It has been proven that the solutions based on using auger conveyors would be most rational for transporting loose lunar regolith over the Moon’s surface because the auger conveyors are compact and adaptable, and they can be placed inside tubes and laid under the day surface, thereby ensuring the continuous transportation process. Furthermore, they are capable of autonomous operation and can use the electricity produced by solar arrays.

Key words: Moon, regolith, auger, electric motor, capacity, power

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