Keywords cloud
The formalization of the complex task to optimize design parameters, trajectory parameters and motion control programs for the guided missiles capable of flying along the ballistic, aeroballistic or combined trajectories is given. When trajectory parameters were calculated the missile was regarded as a material point of variable mass and the combined equations for center-of-mass motion of the guided missile with projections on axes of the terrestrial reference system were used.
]]>2. Analysis of development trends of design parameters and basic characteristics of missiles for the advanced multiple launch rocket systems
Organization:
Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine1; The Institute of Technical Mechanics, Dnipro, Ukraine2
Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2020, (1); 13-25
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2020.01.013
Language: Russian
Annotation: The scientific and methodological propositions for the designing single-stage guided missiles with the solid rocket motors for advanced multiple launch rocket systems are defined. The guided missiles of multiple launch rocket system are intended for delivering munitions to the given spatial point with required and specified kinematic motion parameters at the end of flight. The aim of the article is an analysis of the development trends of the guided missiles with the solid rocket motors for the multiple launch rocket systems, identifying the characteristics and requirements for the flight trajectories, design parameters, control programs, overall dimensions and mass characteristics, structural layout and aerodynamic schemes of missiles. The formalization of the complex task to optimize design parameters, trajectory parameters and motion control programs for the guided missiles capable of flying along the ballistic, aeroballistic or combined trajectories is given. The complex task belongs to a problem of the optimal control theory with limitations in form of equa lity, inequality and differential constraints. To simplify the problem, an approach to program forming is proposed for motion control in the form of polynomial that brings the problem of the optimal control theory to a simpler problem of nonlinear mathematical programming. When trajectory parameters were calculated the missile was regarded as a material point of variable mass and the combined equations for center-of-mass motion of the guided missile with projections on axes of the terrestrial reference system were used. The structure of the mathematical model was given along with the calculation sequence of the criterion function that was used for determination of the optimal parameters, programs and characteristics. The mathematical model of the guided missile provides adequate accuracy for design study to determine depending on the main design parameters: overall dimensions and mass characteristics of the guided missile in general and its structural comp onents and subsystems; power, thrust and consumption characteristics of the rocket motor; aerodynamic and ballistic characteristics of the guided missile. The developed methodology was tested by determining design and trajectory parameters, overall dimensions and mass characteristics, power and ballistic characteristics of two guided missiles with wings for advanced multiple launch rocket systems produced by the People’s Republic of China, using the limited amount of information available in the product catalog.
Key words: multiple launch rocket systems (MLRS), complex problem of the optimal control theory, problem of nonlinear mathematical programming, main solid rocket motor, limitations for motion parameters and basic characteristics of the guided missiles
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20. Burov М. А., Varfolomeev V. I., Volkov L. I. Proektirovanie i ispytanie ballisticheskikh raket / pod red. V. I. Varfolomeeva, М. I. Kopytova. М., 1970. 392 s.
21. Siutkina-Doronina S. V. K voprosu optimizatsii proektnykh parametrov i programm upravleniia raketnogo ob’ekta s raketnym dvigatelem na tverdom toplive. Aviatsionno-kosmicheskaia tekhnika i tekhnologiia. 2017. № 2 (137). S. 44–59.
22. Aksenenko A. V., Baranov E. Yu., Hursky A. I., Klochkov A. S., Morozov A. S., Alpatov A. P., Senkin V. S., Siutkina-Doronina S. V. Metodicheskoe obespechenie dlia optimizatsii na nachalnom etape proektirovaniia proektnykh parametrov, parametrov traektorii i programm upravleniia dvizheniem raketnogo ob’ekta. Kosmicheskaia tekhnika. Raketnoe vooruzhenie: sb. nauch.-tekhn. st. / GP “KB “Yuzhnoye”. Dnipro, 2018. Vyp. 2 (116). S. 101–116. https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2018.02.101
23. Metodicheskoe obespechenie dlia optimizatsii na nachalnom etape proektirovaniia proektnykh parametrov, programm upravleniia, ballisticheskikh, energeticheskikh i gabaritno-massovykh kharakteristik upravliaemykh raketnykh ob’ektov, osushchestvliaiushchikh dvizhenie po aeroballisticheskoi traektorii: otchet po NIR / ITM NANU i GKAU, GP “KB “Yuzhnoye”. Dnepropetrovsk, 2017. 159 S.
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Heat-resistant MoSi2–NbSi2 and Cr–Ni coatings for rocket engine combustion chambers and respective vacuum-arc deposition technology/ 74th International Astronautical Congress (IAC-23-C2.4.2), Baku, Azerbaijan, 2-6 October 2023.
]]>12. Hardening of steels modifying their surfaces with ion-plasma nitriding in glow discharge
Organization:
Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine1; Ukrainian State University of Science and Technologies2
Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2024, (1); 102-113
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2024.01.102
Language: Ukrainian
Annotation: Steel hardening technology is considered, which implies modification of the steel surface with the method of ion-plasma nitriding in glow discharge. Ion-plasma nitriding is a multi-factor process, which requires the study of the influence of nitriding process conditions on the structure of modified layers, which, in its turn, determines their mechanical properties. The subjects of research included: austenitic steel 12X18Н10T, carbon steel Ст3 and structural steel 45. There were two conditions of plasma creation during the research: free location of samples on the surface of the cathode (configuration I) and inside the hollow cathode (configuration II). Optimal parameters of the ion-plasma nitriding process have been determined, which provide stability of the process and create conditions for intensive diffusion of nitrogen into the steel surface. Hydrogen was added to the argon-nitrogen gaseous medium to intensify the nitriding process. Working pressure in the chamber was maintained within the range of 250-300 Pa, the duration of the process was 120 minutes. Comparative characteristics of the structure and microhardness of the modified surfaces of the steels under study for two ion-plasma nitriding technologies are presented. Metallographic examination of the structure of the surface modified layers in the cross section showed the presence of the laminated nitrided layer, which consists of different phases and has different depths, depending on the material of the sample and treatment mode. Nitrided layer of 12Х18Н10Т steel consisted of four sublayers: upper “white” nitride layer, double diffuse layer and lower transition layer. The total depth of the nitrided layer after the specified treatment time reached 23 μm, use of hollow cathode increased it by 26% to 29 μm. The nitrided layers of steel Ст3 and steel 45 consisted of two sublayers – thick “white” nitride layer and general diffuse layer with a thickness of about 18 μm. The microhardness of the nitrided layer of steel Ст3 was 480 HV, increasing by 2,5 times, and for steel 45 was 440 HV, increasing by 1,7 times. The use of hollow cathode for these steels reduces the depth of the nitrided layer, but at the same time the microhardness increases due to the formation of a thicker and denser nitride layer on the surface. The results of the conducted research can be used to strengthen the surfaces of the steel parts in rocket and space technology, applying high-strength coatings.
Key words: ion nitriding, glow discharge, cross-sectional layer structure, hardening, microhardness
Bibliography:
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2. Al-Rekaby D. W., Kostyk V., Glotka A., Chechel M. The choice of the optimal temperature and time parameters of gas nitriding of steel. Eastern-European journal of Enterprise Technologies. 2016. V. 3/5(81). P.44-49. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2016.69809
3. Yunusov A. I., Yesipov R. S. Vliyanie sostava gazovoy sredy na process ionnogo azotirovaniya martensitnoy stali 15Х16К5НР2МВФАБ-Ш. Vestnik nauki. 2023. №5(62). s. 854-863.
4. Zakalov O. V. Osnovy tertya i znoshuvannya u mashinah: navch. posibnik, vydavnytstvo TNTU im. I. Pulyuya, Ternopil. 2011. 332 s.
5. Kindrachuk M. V., Zagrebelniy V. V., Khizhnyak V. G., Kharchenko N. A. Technologichni aspeckty zabespechennya pratsezdatnosti instrument z shvydkorizalnykh staley. Problemy tertya ta znoshuvannya. 2016. №1 (70). S. 67-78.
6. Skiba M. Ye., Stechishyna N. M., Medvechku N. K., Stechishyn M. S., Lyukhovets’ V. V. Bezvodneve azotuvannya u tliyuchomu rozryadi, yak metod pidvyschennya znosostiykisti konstruktsiynykh staley. Visn. Khmelnitskogo natsionalnogo universitetu. 2019. №5. S. 7-12. https://doi.org/10.23939/law2019.22.012
7. Axenov I. I. Vakkumno-dugovye pokrytiya. Technologiya, materialy, struktura i svoistva. Kharkov, 2015. 379 s.
8. Pastukh I. M., Sokolova G. N., Lukyanyuk N. V. Azotirovanie v tleyuschem razryade: sostoyanie i perspektyvy. Problemy trybologii. 2013. №3. S. 18-22.
9. Pastukh I. M. Teoriya i praktika bezvodorodnogo azotirovanniya v tleuschem razryade: izdatelstvo NNTs KhFTI. Kharkov, 2006. 364 s.
10. Sagalovich O. V., Popov V. V., Sagalovich V. V. Plasmove pretsenziyne azotuvannya AVINIT N detaley iz staley i splaviv. Technologicheskie systemy. 2019. №4. S. 50-56.
11. Kozlov A. A. Nitrogen potential during ion nitriding process in glow-discharge plasma. Science and Technique. 2015. Vol. 1. P. 79-90.
12. Nadtoka V., Kraiev M., Borisenko А., Kraieva V. Multi-component nitrated ion-plasma Ni-Cr coating. Journal of Physics and Electronics. 2021. №29(1). Р. 61–64. DOI 10.15421/332108. https://doi.org/10.15421/332108
13. Nadtoka V., Kraiev M., Borisenko A., Bondar D., Gusarova I. Heat-resistant MoSi2–NbSi2 and Cr–Ni coatings for rocket engine combustion chambers and respective vacuum-arc deposition technology/ 74th International Astronautical Congress (IAC-23-C2.4.2), Baku, Azerbaijan, 2-6 October 2023.
14. Kostik K. O., Kostik V. O. Porivnyalniy analiz vplyvu gazovogo ta ionno-plazmovogo azotuvannya na zminu struktury i vlastyvostey legovannoi stali 30Х3ВА. Visnik NTU «KhPI». 2014. №48(1090). S. 21-41.
15. Axenov I. I., Axenov D. S., Andreev A. A., Belous V. A., Sobol’ O.V. Vakuumno-dugovye pokrytiya: technologia, materialy, struktura, svoistva: VANT NNTs KhFTI, Kharkov. 2015. 380 s.
16. Pidkova V. Ya. Modyfikuvannya poverkhni stali 12Х18Н10Т ionnoyu implantatsieyu azotom. Technology audit and production reserves. 2012. Vol. 3/2(5). P. 51-52. https://doi.org/10.15587/2312-8372.2012.4763
17. Kosarchuk V. V., Kulbovsliy I. I., Agarkov O. V. Suchasni metody zmitsnennya i pidvyschennya znosostiykosti par tertya. Ch. 2. Visn. Natsionalnogo transportnogo universytetu. 2016. Vyp. 1(34). S. 202-210.
18. Budilov V. V., Agzamov R. D., Ramzanov K. N. Issledovanie i razrabotka metodov khimiko-termicheskoy obrabotki na osnove strukturno-fasovogo modifitsirovaniya poverkhnisti detaley silnotochnymi razryadami v vakuume. Vestnik UGATU. Mashinostroenie. 2007. T. 9, №1(19). S. 140-149.
19. Abrorov A., Kuvoncheva M., Mukhammadov M. Ion-plasma nitriding of disc saws of the fiber-extracting machine. Modern Innovation, Systems and Technologies. 2021. Vol. 1(3). P. 30-35. https://doi.org/10.47813/2782-2818-2021-1-3-30-35
20. Smolyakova M. Yu., Vershinin D. S., Tregubov I. M. Issledovaniya vliyaniya nizkotemperaturnogo azotirovanniya na strukturno-fasoviy sostav i svoistva austenitnoy stali. Vzaimodeystvie izlecheniy s tverdym telom: materialy 9-oi Mezhdunarodnoy konferentsii (Minsk, 20-22 sentyabrya 2011 g.). Minsk, 2011. S. 80-82.
21. Adhajani H., Behrangi S. Plasma Nitriding of Steel: Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Material Engineering by series editor Bergmann C.P. 2017. 186 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43068-3
22. Fernandes B.B. Mechanical properties of nitrogen-rich surface layers on SS304 treated by plasma immersion ion implantation. Applied Surface Science. 2014. Vol. 310. P. 278-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.04.142
23. Khusainov Yu. G., Ramazanov K. N., Yesipov R. S., Issyandavletova G. B. Vliyanie vodoroda na process ionnogo azotirovanniya austenitnoy stali 12Х18Н10Т. Vestnik UGATU. 2017. №2(76). S. 24-29.
24. Sobol’ O. V., Andreev A. A., Stolbovoy V. A., Knyazev S. A., Barmin A. Ye., Krivobok N. A. Issledovanie vliyaniya rezhimov ionnogo azotirovanniya na strukturu i tverdost’ stali. Vostochno-Yevropeyskiy journal peredovykh tekhnologiy. 2015. №2(80). S. 63-68. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2016.63659
25. Kaplun V. G. Osobennosti formirovanniya diffusionnogo sloya pri ionnom azotirovannii v bezvodorodnykh sredakh. FIP. 2003. T1, №2. S. 145.
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Keywords cloud
And in the process of propellant grain combustion, erosive burning often takes place (increase of propellant burning rate depending on combustion products flow rate along the grain channel). The methodology is based on equidistant model of propellant grain combustion, where grain is divided lengthwise into a number of intervals. The combustion chamber pressure had been calculated for four erosive burning models proposed by different authors. All the models showed convergence with the experimental SRM test data sufficient for engineering estimate (in particular, for maximum chamber pressure and combustion time). Combustion and flame, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8889333 Williams, Forman A., Combustion Theory.
]]>8. Theoretic-experimental evaluation of the solid-propellant grain erosive burning
Organization: Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine
Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2024, (1); 72-77
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2024.01.072
Language: Ukrainian
Annotation: The high demands for the flow rate and thrust characteristics specified for the modern solid-propellant rocket motors (SRM) under the strict mass and overall dimensions constraints require high level of mass fraction of propellant. And in the process of propellant grain combustion, erosive burning often takes place (increase of propellant burning rate depending on combustion products flow rate along the grain channel). This may play both negative (off-design increase of chamber pressure) and positive role (for example, increasing the launch thrust-to-weight ratio of the rocket). It is typical of the main SRMs of various rocket systems (multiple launch rocket systems, anti-aircraft guided missiles, tactical missiles, boosters). This paper proposes a methodology for calculating the internal ballistic characteristics of a solid propellant rocket motor under erosive burning, which is relatively time and resource consuming. The methodology is based on equidistant model of propellant grain combustion, where grain is divided lengthwise into a number of intervals. For any point of time during the engine operation, burning area and port area of each interval are calculated, taking into account erosive impact on each interval; total burning area is the sum of all intervals burning areas. Gas flow rate in each interval of the grain channel is calculated using gas-dynamic equations. The motor mass flow rate is a mass input sum of all the intervals; and the burning rate in each interval is estimated with proper erosion factor. The combustion chamber pressure had been calculated for four erosive burning models proposed by different authors. All the models showed convergence with the experimental SRM test data sufficient for engineering estimate (in particular, for maximum chamber pressure and combustion time). Selected as a result erosive burning model may be used to design new motors with solid propellants similar in chemical composition, and the model parameters are to be further customized using the test specimens.
Key words: rocket motor, solid propellant, erosive burning, internal ballistic characteristics
Bibliography:
- Arkhipov V. Erosionnoe gorenie condensirovannykh system. Sb. tr. ІХ Vserossiyskoy nauch. conf. 2016 g. (FPPSM-2016). Tomsk, 2016.
- Mukunda S., Paul P. J. Universal behaviour in erosive burning of solid propellants. Combustion and flame, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-2180(96)00150-2
- Sabdenov K. , Erzda M., Zarko V. Ye. Priroda i raschet skorosti erozionnogo goreniya tverdogo raketnogo topliva. Inzhenerniy journal: nauka i innovatsii, 2013. Vyp. 4.
- Evlanova A., Evlanov A. A., Nikolaeva Ye. V. Identifikatsiya parametrov erozionnogo goreniya topliva po dannym ognevykh stendovykh ispytaniy. Izvestiya TulGU. Tekhn. nauki. 2014. Vyp. 12, ch. 1.
- Yanjie Ma, Futing Bao, Lin Sun, Yang Liu, and Weihua Hui. A New Erosive Burning Model of Solid Propellant Based on Heat Transfer Equilibrium at Propellant Surface. Hindawi International Journal of Aerospace Engineering, Vol. 2020, Article ID 8889333. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8889333
- Williams, Forman A., Combustion Theory. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing , Menlo Park, 1985.
- Irov Yu. D., Keil E. V., Maslov B.N., Pavlukhin Yu. A., Porodenko V. V.,
Stepanov Ye. A. Gasodynamicheskie funktsii. Mashinostroenie, Moskva, 1965. - William Orvis. EXCEL dlya uchenykh, inzhenerov i studentov. Kiev: «Junior», 1999.
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Keywords cloud
Using the zone of toxic damage to people during the fall of the failed launch vehicle, which is proposed to be represented by a combination of two figures: a semicircle and a half-ellipse, the corresponding zone of dangerous impact of the failed LV/ILV is constructed.
]]>5. Assessment of risk of toxic damage to people in case of a launch vehicle accident at flight
Organization:
Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2024, (1); 40-50
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2024.01.040
Language: English
Annotation: Despite stringent environmental requirements, modern launch vehicles/integrated launch vehicles (LV/ILV)
burn toxic propellants such as NTO and UDMH. Typically, such propellants are used in the LV/ILV upper
stages, where a small amount of propellant is contained; however, some LV/ILV still use such fuel in all
sustainer propulsion stages. For launch vehicles containing toxic rocket propellants, flight accidents may result
in the failed launch vehicle falling to the Earth’s surface, forming large zones of chemical damage to people
(the zones may exceed blast and fire zones). This is typical for accidents occurring in the first stage flight
segment, when an intact launch vehicle or its components (usually individual stages) with rocket propellants
will reach the Earth’s surface. An explosion and fire following such an impact will most likely lead to a massive
release of toxicant and contamination of the surface air. An accident during the flight segment of the LV/ILV
first stage with toxic rocket propellants, equipped with a flight termination system that implements emergency
engine shutdown in case of detection of an emergency situation, has been considered. To assess the risk
of toxic damage to a person located at a certain point, it is necessary to mathematically describe the zone
within which a potential impact of the failed LV/ILV will entail toxic damage to the person (the so-called zone
of dangerous impact of the failed LV/ILV). The complexity of this lies in the need to take into account the
characteristics of the atmosphere, primarily the wind. Using the zone of toxic damage to people during the fall
of the failed launch vehicle, which is proposed to be represented by a combination of two figures: a semicircle
and a half-ellipse, the corresponding zone of dangerous impact of the failed LV/ILV is constructed. Taking into
account the difficulties of writing the analytical expressions for these figures during the transition to the launch
coordinate system and further integration when identifying the risk, in practical calculations we propose to
approximate the zone of dangerous impact of the failed LV/ILV using a polygon. This allows using a known
procedure to identify risks. A generalization of the developed model for identifying the risk of toxic damage
to people involves taking into account various types of critical failures that can lead to the fall of the failed
LV/ILV, and blocking emergency engine shutdown during the initial flight phase. A zone dangerous for people
was constructed using the proposed model for the case of the failure of the Dnepr launch vehicle, where the
risks of toxic damage exceed the permissible level (10–6). The resulting danger zone significantly exceeds the
danger zone caused by the damaging effect of the blast wave. Directions for further improvement of the model
are shown, related to taking into account the real distribution of the toxicant in the atmosphere and a person’s
exposure to a certain toxic dose.
Key words: launch vehicle, critical failure, flight accident, zone of toxic damage to people, zone of dangerous impact of the failed launch vehicle, risk of toxic damage to people.
Bibliography:
- Hladkiy E. H. Protsedura otsenky poletnoy bezopasnosti raket-nositeley, ispolzuyuschaya geometricheskoe predstavlenie zony porazheniya obiekta v vide mnogougolnika. Kosmicheskaya technika. Raketnoe vooruzhenie: sb. nauch.-techn. st. Dnepropetrovsk: GP «KB «Yuzhnoye», 2015. Vyp. 3. S. 50 – 56. [Hladkyi E. Procedure for evaluation of flight safety of launch vehicles, which uses geometric representation of object lesion zone in the form of a polygon. Space Technology. Missile Weapons: Digest of Scientific Technical Papers. Dnipro: Yuzhnoye SDO, 2015. Issue 3. Р. 50 – 56. (in Russian)].
- Hladkiy E. H., Perlik V. I. Vybor interval vremeni blokirovki avariynogo vyklucheniya dvigatelya na nachalnom uchastke poleta pervoy stupeni. Kosmicheskaya technika. Raketnoe vooruzhenie: sb. nauch.-tech. st. Dnepropetrovsk: GP «KB «Yuzhnoye», 2011. Vyp. 2. s. 266 – 280. [Hladkyi E., Perlik V. Selection of time interval for blocking of emergency engine cut off in the initial flight leg of first stage. Space Technology. Missile Weapons: Digest of Scientific Technical Papers. Dnipro: Yuzhnoye SDO, 2011. Issue 2. Р. 266 – 280. (in Russian)].
- Hladkiy E. H., Perlik V. I. Matematicheskie modeli otsenki riska dlya nazemnykh obiektov pri puskakh raket-nositeley. Kosmicheskaya technika. Raketnoe vooruzhenie: sb. nauch.-techn. st. Dnepropetrovsk: GP «KB «Yuzhnoye», 2010. Vyp. 2. S. 3 – 19. [Hladkyi E., Perlik V. Mathematic models for evaluation of risk for ground objects during launches of launch-vehicles. Space Technology. Missile Weapons: Digest of Scientific Technical Papers. Dnipro: Yuzhnoye SDO, 2010. Issue 2. P. 3 – 19. (in Russian)].
- NPAOP 0.00-1.66-13. Pravila bezpeki pid chas povodzhennya z vybukhovymy materialamy promyslovogo pryznachennya. Nabrav chynnosti 13.08.2013. 184 s [Safety rules for handling explosive substances for industrial purposes. Consummated 13.08.2013. 184 p.
(in Ukranian)]. - AFSCPMAN 91-710 RangeSafetyUserRequirements. Vol. 1. 2016 [Internet resource]. Link : http://static.e-publishing.af.mil/production/1/afspc/publicating/
afspcman91-710v1/afspcman91-710. V. 1. pdf. - 14 CFR. Chapter III. Commercial space transportation, Federal aviation administration, Department of transportation, Subchapter C – Licensing, part 417 – Launch Safety, 2023 [Internet resource]. Link: http://law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/14/part-417.
- 14 CFR. Chapter III. Commercial space transportation, Federal aviation administration, Department of transportation, Subchapter C – Licensing, part 420 License to Operate a Launch Site. 2022 [Internet resource]. Link: http://law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/14/part-420.
- ISO 14620-1:2018 Space systems – Safety requirements. Part 1: System safety.
- 9 GOST 12.1.005-88. Systema standartov bezopasnosti truda. Obschie sanitarno-gigienicheskie trebovaniya k vozdukhu rabochei zony. [GOST 12.1.005-88. Labor safety standards system. General sanitary and hygienic requirements to air of working zone].
- 10 Rukovodyaschiy material po likvidatsii avarijnykh bolshykh prolivov okislitelya АТ (АК) i goruchego NDMG. L.:GIPKh, 1981, 172 s. [Guidelines on elimination of large spillages of oxidizer NTO and fuel UDMH. L.:GIPH, 1981, 172 p. (in Russian)].
- 11 Kolichestvennaya otsenka riska chimicheskykh avariy. Kolodkin V. M., Murin A. V., Petrov A. K., Gorskiy V. G. Pod red. Kolodkina V. M. Izhevsk: Izdatelskiy dom «Udmurtskiy universitet», 2001. 228 s. [Quantitative risk assessment of accident at chemical plant. Kolodkin V., Murin A., Petrov A., Gorskiy V. Edited by Kolodkin V. Izhevsk: Udmurtsk’s University. Publish house, 2001. 228 p. (in Russian)].
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Keywords cloud
2024, (1); 9-18 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2024.01.009 Language: Ukrainian Annotation: Specialized design office for liquid engines was established on July 22, 1958 to develop engines and propulsion systems, powered by liquid propellants to be installed on the combat missile systems and integrated launch vehicles (LV), developed by Yuzhnoye SDO. Over the past 66 years Yuzhnoye SDO has developed more than 40 liquid rocket engines (LRE) of various purpose, designed both to gas-generator cycle and to staged combustion cycle. Key words: LOX-kerosene liquid rocket engines , hypergolic propellant liquid rocket engines , staged combustion cycle , main rocket engine , thrust , specific thrust impulse. LOX-kerosene liquid rocket engines , hypergolic propellant liquid rocket engines , staged combustion cycle , main rocket engine , thrust , specific thrust impulse.
]]>2. New and advanced liquid rocket engines of the Yuzhnoye SDO
Organization:
Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2024, (1); 9-18
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2024.01.009
Language: Ukrainian
Annotation: Specialized design office for liquid engines was established on July 22, 1958 to develop engines and propulsion systems, powered by liquid propellants to be installed on the combat missile systems and integrated launch vehicles (LV), developed by Yuzhnoye SDO. Moreover, liquid engines design office was assigned with manufacturing and testing of the main rocket engines, developed by NPO Energomash and to be installed on Yuzhnoye-developed launch vehicles. Over the past 66 years Yuzhnoye SDO has developed more than 40 liquid rocket engines (LRE) of various purpose, designed both to gas-generator cycle and to staged combustion cycle. Seventeen of them were commercially produced by Yuzhmash PA and installed on launch vehicles. Nowadays Yuzhnoye propulsion experts keep working on development of the advanced liquid rocket engines powered both by cryogenic and hypergolic propellants, which satisfy the majority of launch service market demands. Within the framework of extensive cooperation with foreign space companies, on a contract basis, Yuzhnoye propulsion experts are working on the design and development testing of the liquid rocket engines, as well as their components. The accumulated vast experience in the development of liquid rocket engines nowadays enables high scientific and technical level in the creation of up-to-date engines, demanded in the world market. Significant steps in this area have been made by the experts from the Yuzhnoye propulsion division and then subsequent manufacture and delivery by Yuzhmash PA of the engine intended for the European rocket Vega Stage 4; and designing the individual components for the engines with thrusts ranging from 500 kgf to 200 tf ordered by foreign customers. This article provides the review of current and scheduled activities of the Yuzhnoye SDO to develop the liquid rocket engines within the thrust ranges from ~ 40 kgf to ~ 500 tf.
Key words: LOX-kerosene liquid rocket engines, hypergolic propellant liquid rocket engines, staged combustion cycle, main rocket engine, thrust, specific thrust impulse.
Bibliography:
- Zhidkostnye raketnye dvigateli, dvigatelnye ustanovki, bortovye istochniki moschnosti, razrabotannye KB dvigatelnykh ustanovok GP«KB «Yuzhnoye». Za nauk. red. akad. NAN Ukrainy S.M. Konyukhova, kand. tekhn. nauk V.M. Shnyakina. Dnipropetrovsk: DP «KB «Pivdenne», 2008. 466 ark.
- Prokopchyuk O. O., Shulga V. A., Khromyuk D. S., Sintyuk V. O. Zhidkostnye raketnye dvigateli GP«KB «Yuzhnoye»: nauk.-tekhn. zbirnyk. Za nauk. red. akademika NAN Ukrainy
O. V. Degtyareva. Dnipro: ART-PRES, 2019. 440 ark.
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Keywords cloud
The equations obtained show that the required parameters of diagrams (including consumption-thrust characteristics difference between the starting and cruise modes) can be ensured due to varying either case diameter or propellant combustion rate or due to combined variation of these values. In practice, the cases are possible when for some reasons it does not seem possible to vary the case diameter or propellant combustion rate and the requirements to consumption diagram cannot be satisfied to the full extent. The proposed method is based on calculation and construction of nomograms of dependencies of relative propellant consumption in cruse mode on relative time of starting leg at different propellant combustion rates and constant (required) case diameter and vice versa, at different values of case diameter and constant (available) propellant combustion rate. Key words: solid propellant charge mass , propellant combustion rate , combustion chamber pressure , operation time in starting and cruise modes , combustion chamber pressure difference Bibliography: 1.
]]>10. Calculation and selection of parameters for a propellant consumption diagram of dual-thrust main SRM
Organization:
Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine
Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2020, (1); 99-106
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2020.01.099
Language: Russian
Annotation: The main solid rocket motors of surface-to-air missiles and some short-range missiles have, as a rule, two operation modes – starting (augmented rating) and cruise (with decreased propellant consumption level). The methods to calculate intraballistic characteristics of such motors have a number of peculiarities, which set them apart from the methods of determining the characteristics of motors with constant propellant consumption level. The purpose of this article is to analyze such peculiarities, design methods, to find interrelation between the parameters of propellant consumption diagram, to determine the impact on the latter of motor design features and propellant characteristics. To achieve this goal, the method of analytical dependencies was developed. The equations obtained show that the required parameters of diagrams (including consumption-thrust characteristics difference between the starting and cruise modes) can be ensured due to varying either case diameter or propellant combustion rate or due to combined variation of these values. In practice, the cases are possible when for some reasons it does not seem possible to vary the case diameter or propellant combustion rate and the requirements to consumption diagram cannot be satisfied to the full extent. The task of motor developer in that case consists in determination of acceptable (alternative) propellant consumption diagrams that would be closest to required. The proposed method is based on calculation and construction of nomograms of dependencies of relative propellant consumption in cruse mode on relative time of starting leg at different propellant combustion rates and constant (required) case diameter and vice versa, at different values of case diameter and constant (available) propellant combustion rate. Using these nomograms, the rocket developer can determine the propellant consumption diagram acceptable for the rocket. In a number of cases, design limitations for separate main motor assemblies are imposed on consumption characteristic diagram that have an impact on its required parameters. The presented materials allow evaluating that impact and contain the proposals to remove it. The presented method allows quickly determining the conditions needed to fulfill required propellant combustion products consumption diagrams and in case of nonfulfillment of these conditions – allow presenting alternative options for selection of most acceptable one.
Key words: solid propellant charge mass, propellant combustion rate, combustion chamber pressure, operation time in starting and cruise modes, combustion chamber pressure difference
Bibliography:
1. K vyboru velichiny davliniia v kamere sgoraniia marshevykh RDTT: tekhn. otchet / GP “KB “Yuzhnoye”. Dnipro, 2017. 19 s.
2. Enotov V. G., Kushnir B. I., Pustovgarova Е. V. Avtomatizirovannaia proektnaia otsenka kharakteristik marshevykh dvigatelei na tverdom toplive s korpusom iz vysokoprochnykh metallicheskikh materialov takticheskikh i operativno-takticheskikh raket: ucheb.-metod. posobie / pod red. А. S. Kirichenko. Dnepropetrovsk, 2014. 72 s.
3. Sorkin R. Е. Gasotermodinamika raketnykh dvigatelei na tverdom toplive. М, 1967. 368 s.
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Keywords cloud
Firstly, the unsteady heat fields on the hold-down bay surface are calculated by means of the semi-empirical method, which is based on the simulated results of the combustion product flow of the main propulsion system.
]]>3. Analysis of the unsteady stress-strain behavior of the launch vehicle hold-down bay at liftoff
Organization:
Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine1; Pidgorny A. Intsitute of Mechanical Engineering Problems, Kharkiv, Ukraine2
Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2020, (1); 26-33
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2020.01.026
Language: Russian
Annotation: The study of thermal strength of the hold-down bay is considered. The hold-down bay is a cylindrical shell with the load-bearing elements as the standing supports. The case of the hold-down bay consists of the following structural elements: four standing supports and the compound cylindrical shell with two frames along the top and bottom joints. The purpose of this study was the development of a general approach for the thermal strength calculation of the hold-down bay. This approach includes two parts. Firstly, the unsteady heat fields on the hold-down bay surface are calculated by means of the semi-empirical method, which is based on the simulated results of the combustion product flow of the main propulsion system. The calculation is provided by using Solid Works software. Then the unsteady stress-strain behavior of the hold-down bay is calculated, taking into consideration the plastoelastic deformations. The material strain bilinear diagram is used. The finiteelement method is applied to the stress-strain behavior calculation by using NASTRAN software. The thermal field is assumed to be constant throughout the shell thickness. As a result of the numerical simulation the following conclusions are made. The entire part of the hold-down bay, which is blown by rocket exhaust jet, is under stress-strain behavior. The stresses of the top frame and the shell are overridden the breaking strength that caused structural failure. The structure of the hold-down bay, which is considered in the paper, is unappropriated to be reusable. The hold-down bay should be reconstructed by reinforcement in order to provide its reusability.
Key words: stress-strain behavior, finite-element method, plastoelastic deformations, breaking strength, reusability
Bibliography:
1. Elhefny A., Liang G. Stress and deformation of rocket gas turbine disc under different loads using finite element modeling. Propulsion and Power Research. 2013. № 2. P. 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jppr.2013.01.002
2. Perakis N., Haidn O. J. Inverse heat transfer method applied to capacitively cooled rocket thrust chambers. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2019. № 131. P. 150–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.11.048
3. Yilmaz N., Vigil F., Height J., et. al. Rocket motor exhaust thermal environment characterization. Measurement. 2018. № 122. P. 312–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2018.03.039
4. Jafari M. Thermal stress analysis of orthotropic plate containing a rectangular hole using complex variable method. European Journal of Mechanics A /Solids. 2019. № 73. P. 212–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechsol.2018.08.001
5. Song J., Sun B. Thermal-structural analysis of regeneratively cooled thrust chamber wall in reusable LOX / Methane rocket engines. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics. 2017. № 30. P. 1043–1053.
6. Ramanjaneyulu V., Murthy V. B., Mohan R. C., Raju Ch. N. Analysis of composite rocket motor case using finite element method. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2018. № 5. P. 4920–4929.
7. Xu F., Abdelmoula R., Potier-Ferry M. On the buckling and post-buckling of core-shell cylinders under thermal loading. International Journal of Solids and Structures. 2017. № 126–127. P. 17–36.
8. Wang Z., Han Q., Nash D. H., et. al. Thermal buckling of cylindrical shell with temperature-dependent material properties: Conventional theoretical solution and new numerical method. Mechanics Research Communications. 2018. № 92. P. 74–80.
9. Duc N. D. Nonlinear thermal dynamic analysis of eccentrically stiffened S-FGM circular cylindrical shells surrounded on elastic foundations using the Reddy’s third-order shear de-formation shell theory. European Journal of Mechanics A /Solids. 2016. № 58. P. 10–30.
10. Trabelsi S., Frikha A., Zghal S., Dammak F. A modified FSDT-based four nodes finite shell element for thermal buckling analysis of functionally graded plates and cylindrical shells. Engineering Structures. 2019. № 178. P. 444–459.
11. Trinh M. C., Kim S. E. Nonlinear stability of moderately thick functionally graded sandwich shells with double curvature in thermal environment. Aerospace Science and Technology. 2019. № 84. P. 672–685.
12. Лойцянский Л. Г. Механика жидкости и газа. М., 2003. 840 с.
13. Launder B. E., Sharma B. I. Application of the energy dissipation model of turbulence to the calculation of flow near a spinning disc. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 1974. № 1. P. 131–138.
14. Михеев М. А., Михеева И. М. Основы теплопередачи. М., 1977. 345 с.
15. Малинин Н. Н. Прикладная теория пластичности и ползучести. М., 1968. 400 с.
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Keywords cloud
2017 (1); 78-83 Language: Russian Annotation: The basic mathematical relations are considered to construct static characteristics of nozzle-shutter twostage piston pneumatic drive with the working medium – powder combustion products.
]]>12. Static Performance Prediction of Hot-Gas Flapper-Nozzle Actuator
Organization:
Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine
Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2017 (1); 78-83
Language: Russian
Annotation: The basic mathematical relations are considered to construct static characteristics of nozzle-shutter twostage piston pneumatic drive with the working medium – powder combustion products.
Key words:
Bibliography:
1. Oleinik V. P. et al. Static Characteristics of Gas Drive with Jet Engine / V. P. Oleinik, Y. A. Yelansky, V. N. Kovalenko, L. G. Kaluger, Е. V. Vnukov. Space Technology. Missile Armaments: Collection of scientific-technical articles. 2015. Issue. 1. P. 21-27.
2. Kornilov Y. G. et al. Pneumatic Elements and Systems. К., 1968. 143 p.
3. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Power Control System / Under the editorship of J. Blackborn, H. Reethoff, G. L. Sherer. М., 1962. 614 p.
4. Mertaf S. A. Tutorial on the Theory of Electrohydraulic Servo Mechanism with Acceleration Control Operating in Switchover Mode. Problems of Rocket Engineering. 1961. No. 2. P. 74-95.
5. Banshtyk A. М. Electrohydraulic Servo Mechanisms with Pulse-Width Control. М., 1972. 144 p.
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The advantages of thermal neutralization units are considered, their operating principle is described, by the example of high-temperature toxic rocket propellants, the chemical reactions that take place in combustion chamber are formulated. The combustion chamber is a component of the neu tralization unit, it is in the combustion chamber, in the environment of created high temperatures, that the process of elimination of dangerous substances takes place. Taking into consideration the high cost of neutralization units, which will be a factor hindering the wide-scale introduction of neutralization units to decrease technogenic load on environment of Ukraine, the option is proposed of reducing the costs during the use of thermal neutralization units by way of combining the function of oxidizer neutralization unit and fuel neutralization unit in a single universal neutralization unit.
]]>20. Studying the possibility of alternating delivery of rocket propellant wastes to a common thermal neutralization facility
Organization:
Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine
Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2020, (1); 177-183
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2020.01.177
Language: Russian
Annotation: The possibility is considered of using rocket propellant thermal neutralization units for decontamination of dangerous industrial wastes. The advantages of thermal neutralization units are considered, their operating principle is described, by the example of high-temperature toxic rocket propellants, the chemical reactions that take place in combustion chamber are formulated. The combustion chamber is a component of the neu tralization unit, it is in the combustion chamber, in the environment of created high temperatures, that the process of elimination of dangerous substances takes place. Taking into consideration the high cost of neutralization units, which will be a factor hindering the wide-scale introduction of neutralization units to decrease technogenic load on environment of Ukraine, the option is proposed of reducing the costs during the use of thermal neutralization units by way of combining the function of oxidizer neutralization unit and fuel neutralization unit in a single universal neutralization unit. The article substantiates the topicality and necessity of works to create the universal thermal neutralization unit from the viewpoint of economic and ecological aspects. The article presents a generalized description of technology and methodology of research tests of pilot samples of assemblies for high-temperature rocket propellants vapor and industrial wastewater supply into the neutralization unit. The assemblies for high-temperature rocket propellants vapor and industrial wastewater supply are considered as most critical components of the universal neutralization unit from the viewpoint of neutralized substance changing. The experiments were conducted on water solutions of rocket propellants that in this case simulated the contact of internal cavities of supply assemblies with aggressive toxic media. The conditions were created at which the probability existed of interaction of rocket propellants residues in stagnation zones at the moment of changing the supplied propellant component. In the frameworks of research tests of pilot samples, the obtained results were considered and analyzed. The findings are presented that confirm practical feasibility of using integrated supply assemblies.
Key words: neutralization unit, supply assemblies, alternate supply, rocket propellants interaction, universal thermal neutralization unit
Bibliography:
1. Kolesnikov S. V. Okislenie nesimmetrichnogo dimetilgidrazina (geptila) i identifikatsiia produktov ego prevrashcheniia pri prolivakh. Monografiia. NP “SibAK”, Novosibirsk, 2014.
2. Zhidkoe raketnoe toplivo v regione OBSE: obzor aspektov utilizatsii. FSC.DEL/443/07/Rev. 2. 23 okt. 2008 g.
3. Egorychev V. S., Kondrusev V. S. Topliva khimicheskikh raketnykh dvigatelei. Samara, 2007.
4. Kasimov А. М., Semenov V. Т., Shcherban’ N. H., Miasoedov V. V. Sovremennye problemy i resheniia v sisteme upravleniia opasnymi otkhodami. Kharkiv, 2008.
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The presented work contains simulation of liquid rocket engine combustion products jet flowing into the gas duct at the rocket lift-off, taking into account the following input data: the parameters of propulsion system, geometric parameters of launch complex elements, propulsion systems nozzles and gas duct. The methodology applied in this work makes it possible to qualitatively evaluate the gas-dynamic effect of combustion products jets on gas duct for subsequent optimization of its design. Key words: liquid rocket engine , combustion products , multicomponent flow , ANSYS Fluent Bibliography: 1. Thermophysics Characterization of Kerosene Combustion. Ignition Processes in Carbon-Monoxide-Hydrogen-Oxygen Mixtures: Twenty-Second Symposium (International) on Combustion. The Combustion Institute, 1988. liquid rocket engine , combustion products , multicomponent flow , ANSYS Fluent .
]]>16. Parameters of the supersonic jet of a block propulsion system, flowing into a gas duct, considering chemical kinetics of gas-cycle transformations
Organization:
Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine
Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2020, (1); 149-154
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2020.01.149
Language: Russian
Annotation: Launch vehicle lift-off is one of the most critical phases of the whole mission requiring special technical solutions to ensure trouble-free and reliable launch. A source of increased risk is the intense thermal and pressure impact of rocket propulsion jet on launch complex elements and on rocket itself. The most accurate parameters of this impact can be obtained during bench tests, which are necessary to confirm the operability of the structure, as well as to clarify the parameters and configuration of the equipment and systems of complex. However, full-scale testing is expensive and significantly increases the development time of the complex. Therefore, a numerical simulation of processes is quite helpful in the design of launch complexes. The presented work contains simulation of liquid rocket engine combustion products jet flowing into the gas duct at the rocket lift-off, taking into account the following input data: the parameters of propulsion system, geometric parameters of launch complex elements, propulsion systems nozzles and gas duct. A three-dimensional geometric model of the launch complex, including rocket and gasduct, was constructed. The thermodynamic parameters of gas in the engine nozzle were verified using NASA CEA code and ANSYS Fluent. When simulating a multicomponent jet, the equations of conservation of mass, energy, and motion were solved taking into account chemical kinetics. The three-dimensional problem was solved in ANSYS Fluent in steady-state approach, using Pressure-based solver and RANS k-omega SST turbulence model. The calculation results are the gas-dynamic and thermodynamic parameters of jets, as well as distribution of gas-dynamic parameters at nozzle exit, in flow and in boundary layer at gas duct surface. The methodology applied in this work makes it possible to qualitatively evaluate the gas-dynamic effect of combustion products jets on gas duct for subsequent optimization of its design.
Key words: liquid rocket engine, combustion products, multicomponent flow, ANSYS Fluent
Bibliography:
1. Bonnie J. McBride, Sanford Gordon. Computer Program for Calculation of Complex Chemical Equilibrium Compositions and Applications. II. Users Manual and Program Descriptions: NASA Reference Publication 1311. 1996.
2. Ten-See Wang. Thermophysics Characterization of Kerosene Combustion. Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer. 2001. № 2, Vol. 15. P. 140–147. https://doi.org/10.2514/2.6602
3. Maas U., Warnatz J. Ignition Processes in Carbon-Monoxide-Hydrogen-Oxygen Mixtures: Twenty-Second Symposium (International) on Combustion. The Combustion Institute, 1988. P. 1695–1704. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0082-0784(89)80182-1
4. Timoshenko V. I. Teoreticheskiie osnovy tekhnicheskoj gazovoj dinamiki. Kiev, 2013. S. 154–155.
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