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Hardening of steels modifying their surfaces with ion-plasma nitriding in glow discharge Authors: Nadtoka V. 2024, (1); 102-113 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2024.01.102 Language: Ukrainian Annotation: Steel hardening technology is considered, which implies modification of the steel surface with the method of ion-plasma nitriding in glow discharge. Key words: ion nitriding , glow discharge , cross-sectional layer structure , hardening , microhardness Bibliography: 1. (2024) "Hardening of steels modifying their surfaces with ion-plasma nitriding in glow discharge" Космическая техника. "Hardening of steels modifying their surfaces with ion-plasma nitriding in glow discharge" Космическая техника. , "Hardening of steels modifying their surfaces with ion-plasma nitriding in glow discharge", Космическая техника. Hardening of steels modifying their surfaces with ion-plasma nitriding in glow discharge Автори: Nadtoka V.
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12. Hardening of steels modifying their surfaces with ion-plasma nitriding in glow discharge

Authors:

Nadtoka V. M.1, Shtapenko Ye. P.2, Kraeva V. S.1, Kraev M. V.1

Organization:

Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine1; Ukrainian State University of Science and Technologies2

Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2024, (1); 102-113

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2024.01.102

Language: Ukrainian

Annotation: Steel hardening technology is considered, which implies modification of the steel surface with the method of ion-plasma nitriding in glow discharge. Ion-plasma nitriding is a multi-factor process, which requires the study of the influence of nitriding process conditions on the structure of modified layers, which, in its turn, determines their mechanical properties. The subjects of research included: austenitic steel 12X18Н10T, carbon steel Ст3 and structural steel 45. There were two conditions of plasma creation during the research: free location of samples on the surface of the cathode (configuration I) and inside the hollow cathode (configuration II). Optimal parameters of the ion-plasma nitriding process have been determined, which provide stability of the process and create conditions for intensive diffusion of nitrogen into the steel surface. Hydrogen was added to the argon-nitrogen gaseous medium to intensify the nitriding process. Working pressure in the chamber was maintained within the range of 250-300 Pa, the duration of the process was 120 minutes. Comparative characteristics of the structure and microhardness of the modified surfaces of the steels under study for two ion-plasma nitriding technologies are presented. Metallographic examination of the structure of the surface modified layers in the cross section showed the presence of the laminated nitrided layer, which consists of different phases and has different depths, depending on the material of the sample and treatment mode. Nitrided layer of 12Х18Н10Т steel consisted of four sublayers: upper “white” nitride layer, double diffuse layer and lower transition layer. The total depth of the nitrided layer after the specified treatment time reached 23 μm, use of hollow cathode increased it by 26% to 29 μm. The nitrided layers of steel Ст3 and steel 45 consisted of two sublayers – thick “white” nitride layer and general diffuse layer with a thickness of about 18 μm. The microhardness of the nitrided layer of steel Ст3 was 480 HV, increasing by 2,5 times, and for steel 45 was 440 HV, increasing by 1,7 times. The use of hollow cathode for these steels reduces the depth of the nitrided layer, but at the same time the microhardness increases due to the formation of a thicker and denser nitride layer on the surface. The results of the conducted research can be used to strengthen the surfaces of the steel parts in rocket and space technology, applying high-strength coatings.

Key words: ion nitriding, glow discharge, cross-sectional layer structure, hardening, microhardness

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12.1.2024 Hardening of steels modifying their surfaces with ion-plasma nitriding in glow discharge
12.1.2024 Hardening of steels modifying their surfaces with ion-plasma nitriding in glow discharge
12.1.2024 Hardening of steels modifying their surfaces with ion-plasma nitriding in glow discharge

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]]> 24.1.2019 Porous Cast Materials (Gasars). Options of Their Use in Space Rocket Hardware https://journal.yuzhnoye.com/content_2019_1-en/annot_24_1_2019-en/ Wed, 24 May 2023 16:01:02 +0000 https://journal.yuzhnoye.com/?page_id=27729
This is caused by the fact that the pores were formed during crystallization and at the action of pressure on a gasar, local hardening occurs.
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24. Porous Cast Materials (Gasars). Options of Their Use in Space Rocket Hardware

Authors:

Naiden O. O., Ivanov A. S.

Organization:

Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine

Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2019, (1); 163-170

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2019.01.163

Language: Russian

Annotation: Gasars is a new type of porous cast materials manufactured on the basis of metals and their alloys, some types of ceramics. The basis of the process is gas-eutectic conversion in the system metal-hydrogen. The process of investigation and creation of gasars was commenced in 1979 in the National Metallurgical Academy of Ukraine and is currently continued in Ukraine, the USA, China, Japan, South Korea, Poland and others. The gasars production technological process consists in melting the specified material (metal, alloy, ceramics) in hydrogen (or other active gas) atmosphere at a certain pressure. After the melt is saturated with active gas to a certain concentration, the crystallization process begins at which the pore formation process is launched. As the pores growth occurs perpendicular to crystallization front, the orientation of heat withdrawal influences pores location. So, for example, to obtain radial porosity, radial heat withdrawal is required. To obtain various structures, along with directed crystallization process, the pressure in crystallization chamber is an important factor, which drives the gasar morphology. The porous structure of gasars is diverse, there are the gasars with longitudinal, cylindrical, spherical, conical pores. It is possible to alternate the porosity layers and monolithic metal layers. The dimensions of gasars pores are in the limits from 10 μm to 10 mm at total porosity from 7 to 55 (75%). However, there is a possibility to obtain the pores with smaller diameter. The mechanical properties of gasars have a number of advantages as compared with conventional porous materials produced by different methods. Subsequent processing of the gasars does not differ from analogous non-porous materials, which is also an advantage over conventional porous materials. And in case when the diameter of pores is less than 50 μm, the exceedance of mechanical properties of gasars as compared with monolithic materials of the same chemical composition is observed. This is caused by the fact that the pores were formed during crystallization and at the action of pressure on a gasar, local hardening occurs. At present, the gasars have already found application as light and strong structural materials, filters, heat exchangers, dampers, slide bearings, catalyst elements, friction materials, etc. The use of gasars in space hardware will help to considerably reduce the mass of launch vehicle structural elements without worsening strength properties. The possibility of welding and soldering the gasars allows finding their application in the structure of propellant systems, compressed gas and propellants supply systems, creating filtering elements based on the gasars, including propellant spraying and mixing systems.

Key words: gasars, gas-eutectic conversion, eutectics, porosity

Bibliography:
1. Shapovalov V. I. Legirovanie vodorodom. D.: Zhurfond, 2013. 385 p.
2. Shapovalov V. TERMEC 2006 // International Conference on Processing and Manufacturing of Advanced Materials, July 4–8, 2006, Vancouver, Canada. Р. 529.
3. Komissarchuk Olga, Xu Zhengbin, Hao Hai, Zhang Xinglu, Karpov V. Pore structure and mechanical properties of directionally solidified porous aluminum alloys / Research & Development. Vol. 11, No.1, January 2014.
4. Karpov V. V., Karpov V. Yu. Vliyanie poristosti na teploprovodnost’ gazov/ Teoriya I praktica metallurgii. 2003. № 4.

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24.1.2019 Porous Cast Materials (Gasars). Options of Their Use in Space Rocket Hardware
24.1.2019 Porous Cast Materials (Gasars). Options of Their Use in Space Rocket Hardware
24.1.2019 Porous Cast Materials (Gasars). Options of Their Use in Space Rocket Hardware

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]]> 20.1.2019 Possibilities of Increasing Acting Loads on Hydraulic Actuator Middle Position Lock https://journal.yuzhnoye.com/content_2019_1-en/annot_20_1_2019-en/ Wed, 24 May 2023 16:00:46 +0000 https://journal.yuzhnoye.com/?page_id=27725
As replacer, the 18ХГТ steel was selected allowing (after carbonization and hardening) obtaining in surface layer of material the HRCэ 56-62 hardness with plastic core, instead of HRCэ 36-42 after hardening of applied 09Х16Н4Б steel. The rod’s ring groove – one of the elements of lock was subjected to carbonization and hardening.
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20. Possibilities of Increasing Acting Loads on Hydraulic Actuator Middle Position Lock

Authors:

Yaryz’ko O. I., Demenko M. P.

Organization:

Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine

Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2019, (1); 139-143

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2019.01.139

Language: Russian

Annotation: The results of work are described to determine optimal materials for one of the elements of middle position lock to increase load bearing characteristics and contact resistance of the middle position lock. The results are presented of experimental check of impact of material of rod with hydraulic actuator piston on contact resistance and load capacity of the middle position lock of thrust vector control system two-channel hydraulic actuator. As replacer, the 18ХГТ steel was selected allowing (after carbonization and hardening) obtaining in surface layer of material the HRCэ 56-62 hardness with plastic core, instead of HRCэ 36-42 after hardening of applied 09Х16Н4Б steel. The comparative results were obtained in the tests of experimental sample of the lock completed with two rods with piston: the rod with piston manufactured according to DD and the experimental rod with piston that passed carbonization to the depth 0.9-1.3 mm and hardened to HRCэ 56-62. The rod’s ring groove – one of the elements of lock was subjected to carbonization and hardening. Both rods with piston were tested in the lock’s dummy in the load range: up to 1200 kgf –standard rod with piston and up to 3000 kgf – experimental rod with piston under static and cyclic loading. The test results are positive: the standard rod with piston confirmed its serviceability at the loads up to 1200 kgf inclusive; the experimental rod with piston withstood the loads up to 3000 kgf under static and cyclic loading. The evaluation of contact resistance was made by comparison of dimensions of traces left by the balls on the surface of rod’s grove under lock loading. The dimensions of traces on the experimental rod with piston under the load 3000 kgf inclusive did not exceed the dimensions of traces on the standard rod with piston, which testifies to the increase of contact resistance. We believe that the direction of search for steel brands in combination with advanced methods of thermal treatment is promising in increasing the lock’s load-bearing characteristics.

Key words: thrust vector control system, main engine, tests, rod with piston

Bibliography:

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20.1.2019 Possibilities of Increasing Acting Loads on Hydraulic Actuator Middle Position Lock
20.1.2019 Possibilities of Increasing Acting Loads on Hydraulic Actuator Middle Position Lock
20.1.2019 Possibilities of Increasing Acting Loads on Hydraulic Actuator Middle Position Lock

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]]> 4.2.2019 Numerical simulation of behavior of elastic structures with local stiffening elementse https://journal.yuzhnoye.com/content_2019_2-en/annot_4_2_2019-en/ Mon, 15 May 2023 15:45:37 +0000 https://journal.yuzhnoye.com/?page_id=27206
Use of surface hardening that increases working efficiency of the structural elements is prospective in many engineering sectors. It is important to develop discrete hardening, implemented through manufacturing schemes of particular type. When discrete hardenings impact on the structural elements mode of deformation is simulated, they can also be considered as inclusions of specific structure.
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4. Numerical simulation of behavior of elastic structures with local stiffening elements

Authors:

Hudramovych V. S.1, Hart Ye. L.3, Strunin K. A.2

Organization:

The Institute of Technical Mechanics, Dnipro, Ukraine1; Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine2; Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, Dnipro, Ukraine3

Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2019, (2); 25-34

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2019.02.025

Language: Russian

Annotation: Availability of different inclusions, stiffenings, discontinuities (holes, voids and flaws) are the factors that cause structural irregularity and are typical for structural elements and buildings from various current technology areas, in particular aerospace technology. They significantly influence the deformation processes and result in stress concentration, which can cause local damages or malconformations and as a result lead to impossibility to further use the structure. Materials used are also heterogeneous in its structure. Inclusions can simulate thin stiffening elements, straps, welded or glue joints. It is necessary to detect the thin inclusions when phase transformations of materials are studied, for example, when martensite structures are formed. Study of the various bodies with inclusions is very important in the powder technology, ceramics, etc., where powder, previously compressed under high pressure, is sintered at high temperatures. Use of surface hardening that increases working efficiency of the structural elements is prospective in many engineering sectors. It is important to develop discrete hardening, implemented through manufacturing schemes of particular type. When discrete hardenings impact on the structural elements mode of deformation is simulated, they can also be considered as inclusions of specific structure. Inclusions can also simulate banding of the ferritic-pearlitic structure in the microstructure, related to the complex preloading under material plastic forming. It is advisable to use numerical methods for studies that are universal and suitable for objects of various shapes, sizes and types of loading. Main numerical methods are finite difference method, boundary element method, variation grid-based method, finite element method, method of local variations. This article features ANSYS – based computer simulation of the aerospace structural element behavior – a rectangular plate with two extended elastic inclusions of different rigidity, simulating elastic heterogeneities of structures and materials.

Key words: finite-element method, strength, inclusions, computer simulation

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4.2.2019 Numerical simulation of behavior of elastic structures with local stiffening elementse
4.2.2019 Numerical simulation of behavior of elastic structures with local stiffening elementse
4.2.2019 Numerical simulation of behavior of elastic structures with local stiffening elementse

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