Search Results for “pressure characteristic” – Collected book of scientific-technical articles

12.1.2024 Hardening of steels modifying their surfaces with ion-plasma nitriding in glow discharge

manager — Mon, 17 Jun 2024 11:36:02 +0000

12. Hardening of steels modifying their surfaces with ion-plasma nitriding in glow discharge

Authors:

Nadtoka V. M.¹, Shtapenko Ye. P.², Kraeva V. S.¹, Kraev M. V.¹

Organization:

Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine¹; Ukrainian State University of Science and Technologies²

Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2024, (1); 102-113

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2024.01.102

Language: Ukrainian

Annotation: Steel hardening technology is considered, which implies modification of the steel surface with the method of ion-plasma nitriding in glow discharge. Ion-plasma nitriding is a multi-factor process, which requires the study of the influence of nitriding process conditions on the structure of modified layers, which, in its turn, determines their mechanical properties. The subjects of research included: austenitic steel 12X18Н10T, carbon steel Ст3 and structural steel 45. There were two conditions of plasma creation during the research: free location of samples on the surface of the cathode (configuration I) and inside the hollow cathode (configuration II). Optimal parameters of the ion-plasma nitriding process have been determined, which provide stability of the process and create conditions for intensive diffusion of nitrogen into the steel surface. Hydrogen was added to the argon-nitrogen gaseous medium to intensify the nitriding process. Working pressure in the chamber was maintained within the range of 250-300 Pa, the duration of the process was 120 minutes. Comparative characteristics of the structure and microhardness of the modified surfaces of the steels under study for two ion-plasma nitriding technologies are presented. Metallographic examination of the structure of the surface modified layers in the cross section showed the presence of the laminated nitrided layer, which consists of different phases and has different depths, depending on the material of the sample and treatment mode. Nitrided layer of 12Х18Н10Т steel consisted of four sublayers: upper “white” nitride layer, double diffuse layer and lower transition layer. The total depth of the nitrided layer after the specified treatment time reached 23 μm, use of hollow cathode increased it by 26% to 29 μm. The nitrided layers of steel Ст3 and steel 45 consisted of two sublayers – thick “white” nitride layer and general diffuse layer with a thickness of about 18 μm. The microhardness of the nitrided layer of steel Ст3 was 480 HV, increasing by 2,5 times, and for steel 45 was 440 HV, increasing by 1,7 times. The use of hollow cathode for these steels reduces the depth of the nitrided layer, but at the same time the microhardness increases due to the formation of a thicker and denser nitride layer on the surface. The results of the conducted research can be used to strengthen the surfaces of the steel parts in rocket and space technology, applying high-strength coatings.

Key words: ion nitriding, glow discharge, cross-sectional layer structure, hardening, microhardness

Bibliography:

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2. Al-Rekaby D. W., Kostyk V., Glotka A., Chechel M. The choice of the optimal temperature and time parameters of gas nitriding of steel. Eastern-European journal of Enterprise Technologies. 2016. V. 3/5(81). P.44-49. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2016.69809
3. Yunusov A. I., Yesipov R. S. Vliyanie sostava gazovoy sredy na process ionnogo azotirovaniya martensitnoy stali 15Х16К5НР2МВФАБ-Ш. Vestnik nauki. 2023. №5(62). s. 854-863.
4. Zakalov O. V. Osnovy tertya i znoshuvannya u mashinah: navch. posibnik, vydavnytstvo TNTU im. I. Pulyuya, Ternopil. 2011. 332 s.
5. Kindrachuk M. V., Zagrebelniy V. V., Khizhnyak V. G., Kharchenko N. A. Technologichni aspeckty zabespechennya pratsezdatnosti instrument z shvydkorizalnykh staley. Problemy tertya ta znoshuvannya. 2016. №1 (70). S. 67-78.
6. Skiba M. Ye., Stechishyna N. M., Medvechku N. K., Stechishyn M. S., Lyukhovets’ V. V. Bezvodneve azotuvannya u tliyuchomu rozryadi, yak metod pidvyschennya znosostiykisti konstruktsiynykh staley. Visn. Khmelnitskogo natsionalnogo universitetu. 2019. №5. S. 7-12. https://doi.org/10.23939/law2019.22.012
7. Axenov I. I. Vakkumno-dugovye pokrytiya. Technologiya, materialy, struktura i svoistva. Kharkov, 2015. 379 s.
8. Pastukh I. M., Sokolova G. N., Lukyanyuk N. V. Azotirovanie v tleyuschem razryade: sostoyanie i perspektyvy. Problemy trybologii. 2013. №3. S. 18-22.
9. Pastukh I. M. Teoriya i praktika bezvodorodnogo azotirovanniya v tleuschem razryade: izdatelstvo NNTs KhFTI. Kharkov, 2006. 364 s.
10. Sagalovich O. V., Popov V. V., Sagalovich V. V. Plasmove pretsenziyne azotuvannya AVINIT N detaley iz staley i splaviv. Technologicheskie systemy. 2019. №4. S. 50-56.
11. Kozlov A. A. Nitrogen potential during ion nitriding process in glow-discharge plasma. Science and Technique. 2015. Vol. 1. P. 79-90.
12. Nadtoka V., Kraiev M., Borisenko А., Kraieva V. Multi-component nitrated ion-plasma Ni-Cr coating. Journal of Physics and Electronics. 2021. №29(1). Р. 61–64. DOI 10.15421/332108. https://doi.org/10.15421/332108
13. Nadtoka V., Kraiev M., Borisenko A., Bondar D., Gusarova I. Heat-resistant MoSi2–NbSi2 and Cr–Ni coatings for rocket engine combustion chambers and respective vacuum-arc deposition technology/ 74th International Astronautical Congress (IAC-23-C2.4.2), Baku, Azerbaijan, 2-6 October 2023.
14. Kostik K. O., Kostik V. O. Porivnyalniy analiz vplyvu gazovogo ta ionno-plazmovogo azotuvannya na zminu struktury i vlastyvostey legovannoi stali 30Х3ВА. Visnik NTU «KhPI». 2014. №48(1090). S. 21-41.
15. Axenov I. I., Axenov D. S., Andreev A. A., Belous V. A., Sobol’ O.V. Vakuumno-dugovye pokrytiya: technologia, materialy, struktura, svoistva: VANT NNTs KhFTI, Kharkov. 2015. 380 s.
16. Pidkova V. Ya. Modyfikuvannya poverkhni stali 12Х18Н10Т ionnoyu implantatsieyu azotom. Technology audit and production reserves. 2012. Vol. 3/2(5). P. 51-52. https://doi.org/10.15587/2312-8372.2012.4763
17. Kosarchuk V. V., Kulbovsliy I. I., Agarkov O. V. Suchasni metody zmitsnennya i pidvyschennya znosostiykosti par tertya. Ch. 2. Visn. Natsionalnogo transportnogo universytetu. 2016. Vyp. 1(34). S. 202-210.
18. Budilov V. V., Agzamov R. D., Ramzanov K. N. Issledovanie i razrabotka metodov khimiko-termicheskoy obrabotki na osnove strukturno-fasovogo modifitsirovaniya poverkhnisti detaley silnotochnymi razryadami v vakuume. Vestnik UGATU. Mashinostroenie. 2007. T. 9, №1(19). S. 140-149.
19. Abrorov A., Kuvoncheva M., Mukhammadov M. Ion-plasma nitriding of disc saws of the fiber-extracting machine. Modern Innovation, Systems and Technologies. 2021. Vol. 1(3). P. 30-35. https://doi.org/10.47813/2782-2818-2021-1-3-30-35
20. Smolyakova M. Yu., Vershinin D. S., Tregubov I. M. Issledovaniya vliyaniya nizkotemperaturnogo azotirovanniya na strukturno-fasoviy sostav i svoistva austenitnoy stali. Vzaimodeystvie izlecheniy s tverdym telom: materialy 9-oi Mezhdunarodnoy konferentsii (Minsk, 20-22 sentyabrya 2011 g.). Minsk, 2011. S. 80-82.
21. Adhajani H., Behrangi S. Plasma Nitriding of Steel: Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Material Engineering by series editor Bergmann C.P. 2017. 186 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43068-3
22. Fernandes B.B. Mechanical properties of nitrogen-rich surface layers on SS304 treated by plasma immersion ion implantation. Applied Surface Science. 2014. Vol. 310. P. 278-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.04.142
23. Khusainov Yu. G., Ramazanov K. N., Yesipov R. S., Issyandavletova G. B. Vliyanie vodoroda na process ionnogo azotirovanniya austenitnoy stali 12Х18Н10Т. Vestnik UGATU. 2017. №2(76). S. 24-29.
24. Sobol’ O. V., Andreev A. A., Stolbovoy V. A., Knyazev S. A., Barmin A. Ye., Krivobok N. A. Issledovanie vliyaniya rezhimov ionnogo azotirovanniya na strukturu i tverdost’ stali. Vostochno-Yevropeyskiy journal peredovykh tekhnologiy. 2015. №2(80). S. 63-68. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2016.63659
25. Kaplun V. G. Osobennosti formirovanniya diffusionnogo sloya pri ionnom azotirovannii v bezvodorodnykh sredakh. FIP. 2003. T1, №2. S. 145.

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8.1.2024 Theoretic-experimental evaluation of the solid-propellant grain erosive burning

Дмитрий Макренко — Mon, 17 Jun 2024 08:41:58 +0000

8. Theoretic-experimental evaluation of the solid-propellant grain erosive burning

Автори: Taran M. V., Moroz V. G.

Organization: Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine

Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2024, (1); 72-77

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2024.01.072

Language: Ukrainian

Annotation: The high demands for the flow rate and thrust characteristics specified for the modern solid-propellant rocket motors (SRM) under the strict mass and overall dimensions constraints require high level of mass fraction of propellant. And in the process of propellant grain combustion, erosive burning often takes place (increase of propellant burning rate depending on combustion products flow rate along the grain channel). This may play both negative (off-design increase of chamber pressure) and positive role (for example, increasing the launch thrust-to-weight ratio of the rocket). It is typical of the main SRMs of various rocket systems (multiple launch rocket systems, anti-aircraft guided missiles, tactical missiles, boosters). This paper proposes a methodology for calculating the internal ballistic characteristics of a solid propellant rocket motor under erosive burning, which is relatively time and resource consuming. The methodology is based on equidistant model of propellant grain combustion, where grain is divided lengthwise into a number of intervals. For any point of time during the engine operation, burning area and port area of each interval are calculated, taking into account erosive impact on each interval; total burning area is the sum of all intervals burning areas. Gas flow rate in each interval of the grain channel is calculated using gas-dynamic equations. The motor mass flow rate is a mass input sum of all the intervals; and the burning rate in each interval is estimated with proper erosion factor. The combustion chamber pressure had been calculated for four erosive burning models proposed by different authors. All the models showed convergence with the experimental SRM test data sufficient for engineering estimate (in particular, for maximum chamber pressure and combustion time). Selected as a result erosive burning model may be used to design new motors with solid propellants similar in chemical composition, and the model parameters are to be further customized using the test specimens.

Key words: rocket motor, solid propellant, erosive burning, internal ballistic characteristics

Bibliography:

Arkhipov V. Erosionnoe gorenie condensirovannykh system. Sb. tr. ІХ Vserossiyskoy nauch. conf. 2016 g. (FPPSM-2016). Tomsk, 2016.
Mukunda S., Paul P. J. Universal behaviour in erosive burning of solid propellants. Combustion and flame, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-2180(96)00150-2
Sabdenov K. , Erzda M., Zarko V. Ye. Priroda i raschet skorosti erozionnogo goreniya tverdogo raketnogo topliva. Inzhenerniy journal: nauka i innovatsii, 2013. Vyp. 4.
Evlanova A., Evlanov A. A., Nikolaeva Ye. V. Identifikatsiya parametrov erozionnogo goreniya topliva po dannym ognevykh stendovykh ispytaniy. Izvestiya TulGU. Tekhn. nauki. 2014. Vyp. 12, ch. 1.
Yanjie Ma, Futing Bao, Lin Sun, Yang Liu, and Weihua Hui. A New Erosive Burning Model of Solid Propellant Based on Heat Transfer Equilibrium at Propellant Surface. Hindawi International Journal of Aerospace Engineering, Vol. 2020, Article ID 8889333. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8889333
Williams, Forman A., Combustion Theory. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing , Menlo Park, 1985.
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Stepanov Ye. A. Gasodynamicheskie funktsii. Mashinostroenie, Moskva, 1965.
William Orvis. EXCEL dlya uchenykh, inzhenerov i studentov. Kiev: «Junior», 1999.

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17.1.2020 Acoustic problems of rocket launch

Вацлав Самусевич — Wed, 13 Sep 2023 11:36:44 +0000

17. Acoustic problems of rocket launch

Authors:

Hrinchenko V. T.

Organization:

Institute of Hydromechanics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine

Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2020, (1); 155-159

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2020.01.155

Language: Russian

Annotation: Due to an increase of power of rocket engines, the high intensity sound field generated by the exhaust jets have become an important factor, which determines the success rate of a rocket launch. Ensuring a successful launch of a rocket system became harder due to new engineering problems. Identification and definition of acoustic sources structure within a complex supersonic jet, being a one of the most important scientific problems, which have to be solved to find the ways to control accoustic radiation. A three components of acoustic sources can be defined here – broadband signals from large and small components of of turbulent jet and tonal signals which usually being overlooked during the estimation of overall sound pressure level. The paper considers various aspects of acoustics of the launch of rocket systems, which includes characteristics of acoustic sources in supersonic jets, possibilities and physical limitation factors, under which it is possible to control the sound radiation. Among the possible ways to control the process of sound generation by a jet, a method of water injection in a jet is being studied. While saving the general thrust of the engine this method can not greatly reduce the sound radiation by a jet. It is recommended to use big amounts of water-air mix to protect the launch pad from damage. Significant progress on the topic of understanding the process of sound generation by supersonic jets can be achieved via mathematical modeling of sound radiation. The latest achievements of mathematical modeling of sound generation by supersonic jets being presented.

Key words: Acoustics of rocket launch, acoustic efficiency of a jet, semi-empirical models of of jet acoustics, numeric-computational methods in aeroacoustics, control of jet-generated acoustic levels

Bibliography:

1. Lighthill M. J. On Sound Generated Aerodynamically: I. General Theory. Proc. Roy. Soc. London Ser. A, 211. 1952. Р. 564–581. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1952.0060

2. Tam C. K. W. Jet noise. Theoretical Computftional Fluid Dynamics. 1998. No 10. Р. 393–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001620050072

3. Lubert C. P. Sixty years of launch vehicle acoustics. Proc.Mtgs.Acoust. Vol. 31. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1121/2.0000704

4. Ask the Astronaut: What does launch feel like? URL: https://www.airspacemag. com/ask-astronaut/ask-astronaut-what-does-launch-feel-what-thoughts-and-emotions-run-through-your-mind-180959920/

5. Tim P. Ask an Astronaut: My Guide to Life in Space. 2018. 272 p.

6. Saucer B. What’s the Deal with Rocket Vibration? MIT Technology Review. July 15, 2009. URL: https://www.technology-review.com/s/414364https:/whats-the-deal-with-rocket-vibrations/

7. Ross D. Mechanics of Underwater noise. 1976. 266 p.

8. Varnier J. Experimental study and simulation of rocket engine free jet noise. AIAA J. 2001. Vol. 39, Nо 10. P. 1851–1859. https://doi.org/10.2514/2.1199

9. Eldred K. M. Acoustic loads generated by the propulsion system. NASA SP-8072, 1971. 49 p.

10. Balakrishnan P., Srinivason K. Impinging get noise reduction using non-circular jets. Applied Acoustics. 2019. Vol. 143. Р. 19-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2018.08.016

11. Tsutsumi S. Acoustic generation mechanism of a supersonic jet impinging on deflectors / S. Tsutsumi, R. Takaki, Y. Nakanishi, K. Okamoto, S. Teramoto 52th AIAA Aerospace Sci. Meet. AIAA Pap. 2014-0882. 2014. 12 p. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2014-0882

12. Ahuja K. K., Manes J. P., Massey K. C., Calloway A. B. An Evaluation of various concepts of Reducing Supersonic Jet Noise, AIAA-90-3982. AIAA 13th Aeroacoustic Conference, 1990. Р. 1-21. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1990-3982

13. Krathapalli A., Lenkatakrishnan L., Elovarsan R., Laurenco L. Supersonic Jet Noise Suppression by Water Injection. AIAA 2000-2025. 6th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustic Conference, 2000. Р. 1-25.

14. Moratilla-Vega M. A., Lackhole K., Janicka J., Xia H., Page C. J. Jet Noise Analysis using an Efficient LES/ High-Order Acoustic Coupling Method. Computer and Fluid. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2020.104438

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9.1.2020 Experimental investigation of a liner-free propellant tank made from polymer composite materials

Вацлав Самусевич — Wed, 13 Sep 2023 10:43:08 +0000

9. Experimental investigation of a liner-free propellant tank made from polymer composite materials

Authors:

Sidoruk А. V., Popov D. А., Zadoia А. S., Kalinichenko D. S., Aksenenko O. V., Husarova I. O., Derevianko I. I., Kharchenko V. M., Litot O. V.

Organization:

Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine

Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2020, (1); 90-98

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2020.01.090

Language: Russian

Annotation: The exploratory and experimental investigations were conducted into design of propellant tank made of composite polymer materials for work in cryogenic environment at operating pressure of 7.5 kgf/cm2 . When determining the configuration of a liner-free composite propellant tank, the main requirement was ensuring its leak-tightness at internal excess pressure and cryogenic temperature effect. The world experience of creating similar designs was analyzed and the requirements were defined imposed on configuration of propellant tank load-bearing shells. Before defining the final configuration, the types of materials, reinforcing patterns, and possible ways to ensure leak-tightness were analyzed, and preliminary tests were conducted of physical and mechanical characteristics of thin-wall samples of composite materials and tubular structures with different reinforcing patterns. The tests of carbon plastic samples were conducted at different curing modes to determine the most effective one from the viewpoint of strength characteristics and the tests for permeability by method of mouthpiece were conducted. The tests of pilot propellant tank showed that the calculated values of deformations and displacements differ from the experimental values by no more than 10 %. Using the parameters measurement results from the tests on liquid nitrogen, the empirical formulas were obtained to calculate linear thermal expansion coefficient of the package of materials of load -bearing shell. The empirical dependences were constructed of relative ring deformations at load-bearing shell middle section on pressure and temperature. The tests confirmed correctness of adopted solutions to ensure strength and leak-tightness of propellant tank load-bearing shell at combined effect on internal excess pressure and cryogenic temperature, particularly at cyclic loading. The materials used and propellant tank manufacturing technologies ensure leak-tightness of load-bearing shell at liquid nitrogen operating pressure of 7.5 kgf/cm2 and strength at excess pressure of 15 kgf/cm2 and allow conducting approbation of prospective stage of the integrated launch vehicle.

Key words: load-bearing shell, permeability, cryogenic propellant, relative deformations, linear thermal expansion coefficient

Bibliography:

1. Frantsevich I. М., Karpinos D. М. Kompozitsionnye materialy voloknistogo stroeniia. K., 1970.

2. TSM YZH ANL 009 00. Composite fuel tank for ILV, Dnipro, Yuzhnoye SDO, 2019.

3. Zheng H., Zeng X., Zhang J., Sun H. The application of carbon fiber composites in cryotank. Solidification. 2018. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73127

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19.2.2018 Control of Validity and Assessment of Accuracy of Telemetry Results during Full-Scale Test of Launch Vehicles

Вацлав Самусевич — Thu, 07 Sep 2023 12:23:58 +0000

19. Control of Validity and Assessment of Accuracy of Telemetry Results during Full-Scale Test of Launch Vehicles

Authors:

Aksiuta О. А., Balyayev O. A., Konstantinov G. I., Sidoruk V. O.

Organization:

Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine

Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2018 (2); 157-172

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2018.02.157

Language: Russian

Annotation: The measurement errors upon conducting flight tests for launch vehicles are evaluated by considering the interferences and uncertainties in the measurement system procedure. Formal use of this approach can lead to unpredictable consequences. More reliable evaluation of errors upon conducted measurements can be achieved if the measurement process is regarded as a procedure of successive activities for designing, manufacturing, and testing the measurement system and the rocket including measurements and their processing during the after-flight analysis of the received data. The sampling rates of the main controlled parameters are three to ten times higher than the frequency range of their changing. Therefore, it is possible to determine the characteristics of the random error components directly on the basis of registered data. The unrevealed systematic components create the basic uncertainty in the evaluation of the examined parameter’s total measurement error. To evaluate the precision and measurement accuracy of a particular launch, the article suggests specifying the preliminary data on measurement error components determined during prelaunch processing and launch. Basic structures of algorithms for evaluation of precision and measurement accuracy for certain mathematical models that form the measured parameters were considered along with the practical case when static correlation existed among the measured parameters.

Key words: flight tests, sensor, measurement error, mathematical model

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22. Sirenko V. N., Il’yenko P. V., Semenenko P. V. Use of Statistic Approaches in Analysis of Gas Dynamic Parameters in LV Vented Bays. Space Technology. Missile Armaments: Collection of scientific-technical articles. Issue 1. P. 43-47.

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24. Zhovinsky A. N., Zhovinsky V. N. Engineering Express Analysis of Random Processes. М., 1979. 112 p.

25. Anishchenko V. A. Control of Authenticity of Duplicated Measurements in Uncertainty Conditions. University News. Minsk, 2010. No. 2. P. 11-18.

26. Anishchenko V. A. Reliability and Accuracy of Triple Measurements of Analog Technological Variables. University News. Minsk, 2017. No. 2. P. 108-117.

27. Shenk H. Theory of Engineering Experiment. М., 1972. 381 p.

28. Bessonov А. А., Sverdlov L. Z. Methods of Statistic Analysis of Automatic Devices Errors. L., 1974. 144 p.

29. Pugachyov V. N. Combined Methods to Determine Probabilistic Characteristics. М., 1973. 256 p. https://doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2017-60-2-108-117

30. Gandin L. S., Kagan R. L. Statistic Methods of Meteorological Data Interpretation. L., 1976. 360 p.

31. Zheleznov I. G., Semyonov G. P. Combined Estimation of Complex Systems Characteristics. М., 1976. 52 p.

32. Vt222М Absolute Pressure Sensor: ТU Vt2.832.075TU. Penza, 1983.

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10.2.2018 Calculation of Gas Flow in High-Altitude Engine Nozzle and Experience of Using Water-Cooled Nozzle Head during Tests

Вацлав Самусевич — Thu, 07 Sep 2023 11:29:45 +0000

10. Calculation of Gas Flow in High-Altitude Engine Nozzle and Experience of Using Water-Cooled Nozzle Head during Tests

Authors:

Nikitenko K. O.

Organization:

Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine

Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2018 (2); 83-93

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2018.02.083

Language: Russian

Annotation: At Yuzhnoye State Design Office, the Cyclone-4 launch vehicle 3rd stage engine has been developed and is under testing. For adjustment of the engine and test bench systems, in the first firing tests the radiation-cooled nozzle extension was replaced with a steel water-cooled one. It was planned to start the engine with water-cooled nozzle extension without vacuumizing and without gad dynamic pipe, which conditioned operation with flow separation at the output edge of water-cooled nozzle extension. Therefore, the calculation of flow in the nozzle with water-cooled extension, flow separation place, and thermal load on watercooled nozzle extension during operation in ground conditions is an important task. Selection of turbulent flow model has a noticeable impact on prediction of flow characteristics. The gas dynamic analysis of the nozzle with water-cooled extension showed the importance of using the turbulent flow model k-ω SST for the flows with internal separation of boundary layer and with flow separation at nozzle section. The use the flow model k-ω SST for calculation of nozzle with flow separation or with internal transitional layer allows adequately describing the flow pattern, though, as the comparison with experimental data showed, this model predicts later flow separation from the wall than that obtained in the tests. The calculation allows obtaining a temperature profile of the wall and providing the recommendations for selection of pressure measurement place in the nozzle extension for the purpose of reducing sensors indication error. With consideration for the special nature of the nozzle extension wall temperature field, the cooling mode was selected. The tests of RD861K engine nozzle with water-cooled extension allow speaking about its successful use as a required element for testing engine start and operation in ground conditions without additional test bench equipment.

Key words: turbulent flow, flow separation, cooling, technological extension

Bibliography:

1. Massiet P., Rocheque E. Experimental Investigation of Exhaust Diffusors for Rocket Engines. Investigation of Liquid Rocket Engines. М., 1964. P. 96-109.

2. Mezhevov A. V., Skoromnov V. I., Kozlov A. V. et al. Introduction of Radiation Cooling Nozzle Head of Made of Carbon-Carbon Composite Material on DM-SL Upper Stage 11D58M Main Engine. News of Samara Aerospace University. No. 2 (10). 2006. P. 260-264.

3. Fluent. Software Package, Ver. 6.2.16, Fluent Inc., Lebanon, NH, 2004.

4. Wilcox D. C. Turbulence Modeling for CFD. DCW Industries, Inc. La Canada, California, 1998. 460 р.

5. Andersen D., Tannehill J., Platcher R. Computational Hydromechanics and Heat Exchange: in 2 volumes М., 1990. 384 p.

6. Rodriguez C. G., Culter, A. D. Numerical Analysis of the SCHOLAR Supersonic Combustor, NASA-CR-2003-212689. 2003. 36 р.

7. Rajasekaran A., Babu V. Numerical Simulation of Three-dimensional Reacting Flow in a Model Supersonic Combustor. Journal of Propulsion and Power. Vol. 22. No. 4. 2006. Р. 820-827. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.14952

8. Spalart P., Allmaras S. A one-equation turbulence model for aerodynamic flows: Technical Report. American Institute of Aero-nautics and Astronautics. AIAA-92-0439. 1992. Р. 5-21. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1992-439

9. Launder B. E., Spalding D. B. Lectures in Mathematical Models of Turbulence. London, 1972. Р. 157-162.

10. Rajasekaran A., Babu V. Numerical Simulation of Three-dimensional Reacting Flow in a Model Supersonic Combustor. Journal of Propulsion and Power. Vol. 22. No. 4. 2006. Р. 820-827. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.14952

11. Ten-See Wang. Multidimensional Unstructured Grid Liquid Rocket-Engine Nozzle Performance and Heat Transfer Analysis. Journal of Propulsion and Power. Vol. 22. No. 1. 2006. 21 р. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.14699

12. Hyun Ko, Woong-Sup Yoon. Performance Analysis of Secondary Gas Injection into a Conical Rocket Nozzle. Journal of Propulsion and Power. Vol. 18, No. 3. 2002. Р. 585-591. https://doi.org/10.2514/2.5972

13. Wilson E. A., Adler D., Bar-Yoseph P. Thrust-Vectoring Nozzle Performance Mode-ling. Journal of Propulsion and Power. Vol. 19, No. 1. 2003. Р. 39-47. https://doi.org/10.2514/2.6100

14. Gross A., Weiland C. Numerical Simulation of Hot Gas Nozzle Flows. Journal of Propulsion and Power. Vol. 20, No. 5. 2004. Р. 879-891. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.5001

15. Gross A., Weiland C. Numerical Simulation of Separated Cold Gas Nozzle Flows. Journal of Propulsion and Power. Vol. 20, No. 3. 2004. Р. 509-519. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.2714

16. Deck S., Guillen P. Numerical Simulation of Side Loads in an Ideal Truncated Nozzle. Journal of Propulsion and Power. Vol. 18, No. 2. 2002. Р. 261-269. https://doi.org/10.2514/2.5965

17. Östlund J., Damgaard T., Frey M. Side-Load Phenomena in Highly Overexpanded Rocket Nozzle. Journal of Propulsion and Power. Vol. 20, No. 4. 2004. Р. 695-704. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.3059

18. Goldberg U. C. Separated Flow Treatment with a New Turbulence Model. AIAA Journal. Vol. 24, No. 10. 1986. Р. 1711-1713. https://doi.org/10.2514/3.9509

19. Golovin V.S., Kolchugin B.A., Labuntsov D.A. Experimental Investigation of Heat Exchange and Critical Heat Loads at Water Boiling in Free Motion Conditions. 1963. Vol. 6, No 2. p. 3-7.

20. Mikheyev М. А., Mikheyeva I. M. Heat-Transfer Principles. 2nd edition stereotyped. М., 1977. 343 p.

21. Kutateladze S. S., Leontyev A. I. Heat-Mass Exchange and Friction in Turbulent Boundary Layer. М., 1972. 341 p.

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9.2.2018 The Impact of Worm Design on Power and Anti-Cavitation Properties of Worm-Centrifugal Pumps

Вацлав Самусевич — Thu, 07 Sep 2023 11:25:59 +0000

9. The Impact of Worm Design on Power and Anti-Cavitation Properties of Worm-Centrifugal Pumps

Authors:

Nazarenko G. V., Filippenko P. P., Strelchenko O. Y., Deshevykh S. O.

Organization:

Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine

Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2018 (2); 76-82

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2018.02.076

Language: Russian

Annotation: In the present-day rocket engineering, the liquid rocket engines with pump feed system have gained wide acceptance. As a rule, the pumps used in liquid rocket engines are screw-axifugal. The screw serves to increase pressure upstream of the axifugal wheel, thus ensuring its cavitation-free operation. The screws used in the screw-axifugal pumps of liquid rocket engines may be of two types: with constant and variable step. The screws with constant step are easier to calculate, profile and manufacture as compared to the screws with variable step. As known from the literature, the use of the screw with variable step increases power characteristics of the screw-axifugal pump. The purpose of investigation is comparative analysis of cavitation and power characteristics of the following high-speed low-consumption screw-axifugal pumps of liquid rocket engines with jointed screws, screws of constant and variable step:  RD868 engine oxidizer and fuel pumps;  RD859 engine fuel pumps;  RD861K engine fuel pumps. Besides, the analysis has been made of the impact of design features and geometrical dimensions of the screws with variable and constant step on power characteristics of the screw-axifugal high-speed lowconsumption pumps of liquid rocket engines. Special attention has been given to the analysis of anticavitation properties of the pumps with screws of variable step and pumps with jointed screws. Based on the results of investigation, it has been ascertained that when using the joint screws and screws with variable step instead of the screws with constant step in the high-speed low-consumption screw-axifugal pumps of liquid rocket engines, the pump delivery head increases from 0.65 to 3.83%, the efficiency increases up to 1.7%. The use of jointed screw and screw of variable step as compared with the screw of constant step does not have any impact on cavitation properties of low-consumption crew-axifugal pumps of liquid rocket engines.

Key words: pressure characteristic, cavitation characteristic, inducers of the variable-pitch, continuous-pitch inducers, pump efficiency

Bibliography:

1. Pre-burner operating method for rocket turbopump: Patent 6505463 USA: MPK F02K9/48 / William D. Kruse, Thomas J. Mueller, John J. Weede (USA); Northrop Grumman Corporation. No. 20020148215; claimed 17.01.2001; published 14.01.2003, Bulletin No. 09/761,957. 5 p.

2. Hybrid rocket motor using a turbopump to pressurize a liquid propellant constituent: Patent 6640536 USA: MPK F02K9/50, F02K9/48, F02K9/46, F02K9/72, F02K9/56 / Korey R. Kline, Kevin W. Smith, Eric E. Schmidt, Thomas O. Bales; Hy Pat Corporation (Miami, FL). No. 20030136111; claimed 22.01.2002; published 04.11.2003, Bulletin No. 10/054,646. – 11 p.

3. Chebayevsky V. F., Petrov V. I. Cavitation Characteristics of High-Speed Auger-Centrifugal Pumps. М., 1973. 152 p.

4. Petrov V. I., Chebayevsky V. F. Cavitation on High-Speed Impeller Pumps. М., 1982. 192 p.

5. Ovsyanikov V. B., Borovsky B. I. Theory and Calculation of Liquid Rocket Engines Generator Sets. М, 1986. 376 p.

6. Borovsky B. I. Power Parameters and Characteristics of High-Speed Impeller Pumps. М., 1989. 181 p.

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7.2.2018 Theoretical Models of Sound Speed Increase Effects in Gas Duct with Corrugated Wall

Вацлав Самусевич — Thu, 07 Sep 2023 11:12:23 +0000

7. Theoretical Models of Sound Speed Increase Effects in Gas Duct with Corrugated Wall

Authors:

Konokh V. I.¹, Shevchenko S. A.¹, Grigor’ev O. L.²

Organization:

Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine¹; National Technical University “Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute”, Kharkiv, Ukraine²

Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2018 (2); 57-67

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2018.02.057

Language: Russian

Annotation: During experimental investigation of the dynamic characteristics of a pneumatic test bench for testing liquid rocket engine high-flowrate automatic units, the effect was detected of 20-35% sound speed increase in the gas flow moving along the channel with corrugated wall (metal hose) which is a part of test bench drain system. The article presents the results of experiments and the task of theoretical justification of the effect is solved. It is indicated that its causes may be two mutually complementary factors – a decrease of gas compressibility at eddy motion and oscillations of metal hose wall. The physical model is considered that describes variation of gas elasticity and density in the conditions of high flow vorticity. It is supposed that in the near-wall layer of the channel, toroidal vortexes (vortex rings) are formed, which move into turbulent core of the flow where their size decreases and the velocity of rotation around the ring axis of torus increases. The spiral shape of the corrugation ensures also axial rotation, which increases vortexes stability. The intensive rotation around the ring axis creates considerable centrifugal forces; as a result, the dependence of pressure on gas density and the sound speed increase. The mathematical model has been developed that describes coupled longitudinal-lateral oscillations of gas and channel’s corrugated shell. It is indicated that in the investigated system, two mutually influencing wave types are present – longitudinal, which mainly transfer gas pressure pulses along the channel and lateral ones, which transfer the shell radial deformation pulses. As a result of modeling, it has been ascertained that because of the lateral oscillations of the wall, the propagation rate of gas pressure longitudinal waves (having the same wave length as in the experiments at test bench) turns out to be higher than adiabatic sound speed.

Key words: rocket engine automatic units, pneumatic test bench, metal hose, corrugated shell, toroidal vortex, longitudinal-lateral oscillations

Bibliography:

1. Shevchenko S. A. Experimental Investigation of Dynamic Characteristics of Gas Pressure Regulator in Multiple Ignition LRE Starting System. Problems of Designing and Manufacturing Flying Vehicle Structures: Collection of scientific works. 2015. Issue 4 (84). P. 49-68.

2. Shevchenko S. A., Valivakhin S. A. Results of Mathematical Modeling of Transient Processes in Gas Pressure Regulator. NTU “KhPI” News. 2014. No. 39 (1082). P. 198-206.

3. Shevchenko S. A., Valivakhin S. A. Mathematical Model of Gas Pressure Regulator. NTU “KhPI” News. 2014. No. 38 (1061). P. 195-209.

4. Shevchenko S. A., Konokh V. I., Makoter A. P. Gas Dynamic Resistance and Sound Speed in Channel with Corrugated Wall. NTU “KhPI” News. 2016. No. 20 (1192). P. 94-101.

5. Flexible Metal Hoses. Catalogue. Ufimsky Aggregate Company “Hydraulics”, 2001.

6. Loytsyansky L.G. Liquid and Gas Mechanics. М., 1978. 736 p.

7. Prisnyakov V. F. et al. Determination of Gas Parameters at Vessel Emptying Taking into Account Compressibility and Manifold Resistance. Problems of High-Temperature Engineering: Collection of scientific works. 1981. P. 86-94.

8. Kirillin V. A., Sychyov V. V., Sheydlin A. E. Technical Thermodynamics. М., 2008. 486 p.

9. Grekhov L. V., Ivashchenko N. A., Markov V. A. Propellant Equipment and Control Systems of Diesels. М., 2004. 344 p.

10. Sychyov V. V., Vasserman A. A., Kozlov A. D. et al. Thermodynamic Properties of Air. М., 1978. 276 p.

11. Shariff K., Leonard A. Vortex rings. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 1992. Vol. 24. P. 235-279. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.24.010192.001315

12. Saffman F. Vortex Dynamics. М., 2000. 376 p.

13. Akhmetov D. G. Formation and Basic Parameters of Vortex Rings. Applied Mechanics and Theoretical Physics. 2001. Vol. 42, No 5. P. 70–83.

14. Shevchenko S. A., Grigor’yev A. L., Stepanov M. S. Refinement of Invariant Method for Calculation of Gas Dynamic Parameters in Rocket Engine Starting Pneumatic System Pipelines. NTU “KhPI” News. 2015. No. 6 (1115). P. 156-181.

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5.2.2018 Electromagnetic Valves Developed by Yuzhnoye SDO Liquid Rocket Engines Design Office

Вацлав Самусевич — Thu, 07 Sep 2023 11:01:49 +0000

5. Electromagnetic Valves Developed by Yuzhnoye SDO Liquid Rocket Engines Design Office

Authors:

Konokh V. I., Boiko V. S., Troyak A. B., Ivashura A. V.

Organization:

Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine

Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2018 (2); 34-48

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2018.02.034

Language: Russian

Annotation: In the pneumohydraulic systems of liquid rocket engines and propulsion systems, electromagnetic valves that allow making the pneumohydraulic systems more simple and ensuring multiple ignition of liquid rocket engines have found wide application. The Yuzhnoye-developed electromagnetic valves are designed according to two schemes – of direct and indirect action. In the direct-action electromagnetic valves, the shutting-off device opens (closes) the throat with the force developed by electric magnet. They have gained acceptance in the pneumohydraulic systems with the working medium pressure of ~8.5 MPa, they are of simple design and have high operating speed (0.001…0.05 s). In the electromagnetic valves with amplification, the electromagnet armature is connected with control valve and the main shutting-off device moves due to the force from working medium pressure drop on it. They are used in the operating pressure range of 0.5…56 MPa, at that, the action time is 0.025…0.15 s. For the European Vega launch vehicle fourth stage main engine assembly that has pressure propellant feeding system, the electrohydraulic valve with amplification and drainage was developed. The dependence of this electrohydraulic valve high speed from the line’s output length is decreased to the maximum due to the installation of Venturi nozzle at the output connecting branch. This electrohydraulic valve is operable at the pressure below 8 MPa, the action time is 0.08…0.12 s. The present-day spacecraft gas-jet orientation and stabilization systems use as propulsion devices the electromagnetic valves with nozzles whose thrust is, as a rule, not more than 30 N and the working medium pressure is up to 24 MPa. Yuzhnoye State Design Office developed for 15B36 gas-jet system the electropneumatic valve with amplification and nozzle, which is operable at the pressure below 45 MPa, ensures the action frequency of up to 10 Hz and is capable of creating the thrust of 100 N on gaseous argon. To solve the task of decreasing the dependence of operability and high speed of electromagnetic valves with drainage and amplification on geometry of lines in which a valve is installed, the electropneumatic valve was developed that has spool elements ensuring reliable and quick action with long input lines of 0.004 m diameter. Its mass is 2…2.5 times lower than the mass of analogs. Recently, Yuzhnoye State Design Office develops the apogee RD840 LRE with 400 N thrust, for the conditions of which the direct-action electrohydraulic valve was developed and tested with the following characteristics: pressure – up to 2.15 MPa, consumed power in operation mode – less than 7.1 W, action time – not more than 0.02 s, mass – 0.19 kg. The presented electromagnetic valves by their technical and operational characteristics meet the highest world requirements and have found wide utility in liquid rocket engines and propulsion systems.

Key words: electrohydraulic valve, electropneumatic valve, pneumohydraulic system, direct-action electric valve, electric valve with amplification, action time

Bibliography:

1. Electric Hydraulic Valve: Patent 89948 Ukraine: MPK F 16K 32/02 / Shnyakin V. M., Konokh V. I., Kotrekhov B. I., Troyak A. B., Boiko V. S.; Applicant and patent holder Yuzhnoye State Design Office. а 2006 02543; claimed 09.03.2006; published 25.03.2010, Bulletin No. 6.

2. Boiko V. S., Konokh V. I. Stabilization of Opening Time of Electric Hydraulic Valve with Boost in Liquid Rocket Engine Hydraulic System. Problems of Designing and Manufacturing Flying Vehicle Structures: Collection of scientific works. 2015. Issue 4 (84). P. 39-48.

3. Electric Valve: Patent 97841, Ukraine: MPK F 16K 32/02 / Shnyakin V. M., Konokh V. I., Kotrekhov B. I., Troyak A. B., Boiko V. S., Ivashura A. V.; Applicant and patent holder Yuzhnoye State Design Office. а 2009 12002; claimed 23.11.2009; published 26.03.2012, Bulletin No. 6.

4. Boiko V. S., Konokh V. I. Increase of Action Stability of Electric Pneumatic Valve with Boost in the System with Increased Inlet Hydraulic Resistance. Aerospace Engineering and Technology: Scientific-Technical Journal. 2013. Issue 3 (100). P. 90-95.

5. Flying Vehicles Pneumatic Systems Units / Lyaskovsky I. F., Shishkov A. I., Romanenko N. T., Romanenko M. T., Chernov M. T., Yemel’yanov V. V. / Under the editorship of N. T. Romanenko. М., 1976. 176 p.

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3.2.2018 Possible Ways of Modernization of VEGA Launch Vehicle AVUM Stage Main Engine Assembly

Вацлав Самусевич — Thu, 07 Sep 2023 08:42:19 +0000

3. Possible Ways of Modernization of VEGA Launch Vehicle AVUM Stage Main Engine Assembly

Authors:

Prokopchuk O. O., Shulga V. A., Strelchenko E. V., Konokh V. I., Kovalenko A. M., Dibrivny O. V., Lapin O. V., Kukhta A. S.

Organization:

Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine

Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2018 (2); 16-24

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2018.02.016

Language: Russian

Annotation: The Ukrainian companies Yuzhnoye SDO and SE PA YMZ supply VG143 main engine assembly for Vega LV AVUM upper stage, which is a one-chamber LRE of 250 kg thrust with five ignitions in flight. By the present, 11 successful launches of Vega LV have been made. In the process of flight operation, there were no critical comments on engines operation. This LRE has a combination of attractive characteristics, such as high specific pulse, low mass, multiple ignitions in flight, high reliability confirmed by good results of flight test of the prototype engines. The reserve of this engine from the viewpoint of further modernization is far from being exhausted. Enhancing the capabilities of payload injection by launch vehicles into various orbits of artificial Earth satellites is the main task for the developers of ILV as a whole and for the developers of separate assemblies and systems, such as LRE being part of ILV. With consideration for the experience of prototype engines testing, we should note the following ways of main engine assembly modernization: – increasing the specific pulse due to the increase of nozzle expansion ratio; – decreasing the volume of internal manifolds and mass of chamber; – increasing the operation time; – increasing the ignitions number; – increasing the duration of pauses between ignitions and orbital functioning time. Increasing the thrust and specific pulse of Vega LV VG143 main engine assembly and AVUM stage takes place due to the use of pneumopump propellant feeding system instead of standard pressure feeding. Besides, the information is presented on RD859, RD864, RD866 and RD869 prototype engines, the data on their basic characteristics, testing and operation. The below information is of interest to LRE and LV developers.

Key words: main engine assembly, liquid rocket engine, ways of modernization, engine chamber

Bibliography:

1. Shnyakin V., Shul’ga V., Zhivotov A., Dibrivny A. Creating a new generation of space-craft liquid rocket engines basing on pneumopump propellant supply systems. Space Propulsion: International Conference. France, Bordeaux. 2012.

2. Shul’ga V. Development status and improvement methods for upper stage engines of Vega and Cyclone launch vehicles. Space Propulsion; International Conference. Germany, Cologne. 2014.

3. De Rose L., Parmigiani P., Shnyakin V., Shulga V., Pereverzyev V., Caramelli F. Main engine of the Vega fourth stage: characteristics and heritage. 4th International Conference on Launcher Technology “Space Launcher Liquid Propulsion”. Netherlands, Noordwijk. 2018.

4. Kovalenko A. N., Pereverzev V. G., Marchan R. A., Blishun Y. V. Experimental Confirmation of Feasibility of Improving Power-Mass Characteristics of LRE for Vega Launch Vehicle Upper Stage: Paper presentation at the International Scientific-Technical Conference. S. P. Korolev SGAU, 2014.

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