Search Results for “pulsed current” – Collected book of scientific-technical articles

2.1.2026 Predicting pulsed current parameters to produce nickel coatings with fine-grained textures

manager — Tue, 03 Nov 2026 13:19:28 +0000

2. Predicting pulsed current parameters to produce nickel coatings with fine-grained textures

Date of receipt of the article for publication: 06.08.2026

Date of acceptance of the article for publication after review: 18.09.2026

Date of publication: 02.11.2026

ISSN: 2617-5525

e-ISSN: 2617-5533

Authors:

Zabludovskyi V. O.¹, Titarenko V. V.²

ORCID authors:

Zabludovskyi V. O.¹ ORCID, Titarenko V. V.² ORCID

Organization:

Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2026, (1); 14-22

Language: Ukrainian

Annotation: The paper investigates how the parameters of a pulsed unipolar current infl uence the process of applying nickel coatings by electrodeposition, as well as their structure, substructure, mechanical properties, and protective features, with a view to developing coatings for highly loaded components of rocket and space technologies. Based on comprehensive electrochemical and mechanical studies involving metallography and X-ray diff raction, the optimum parameters of a pulsed electrodeposition process have been determined to produce nickel coatings with fi ne-grained textures that feature high microhardness, adhesion strength, and corrosion resistance. The paper shows that, compared to coating deposition using direct current, the application of pulsed current promotes the formation of a more even and smoother surface that is free from typical defects. It has been found that non-equilibrium crystallization conditions produce fi ne-grained textures that feature fast rates of nucleation, highly defective substructures, smaller mosaic block size, and layered structures in cross-section. A pulsed current density amplitude of 15 to 50 A/dm² yields the best properties of coatings, including high refl ectivity and minimum porosity. The paper demonstrates that the pulse repetition frequency signifi cantly infl uences the concentration of crystal lattice defects, as well as the dislocation density and hydrogen content in coatings. Low frequencies generate a supersaturated solid hydrogen solution, leading to increased internal stresses and coating cracking. Higher pulse frequencies decrease the extent of hydrogen adsorption, resulting in more stable coating substructures and better mechanical properties. The authors have determined an optimal pulse duration at which the crystal nucleation rate exceeds the crystal growth rate, thereby promoting the formation of a fi ne-grained texture. The microhardness of coatings deposited at the optimal pulsed current parameters reaches 4 300 MPa, which is almost three times higher than in coatings deposited using direct current. Moreover, the adhesion strength of electrodeposited coatings attains 650 MPa. The coatings retain their excellent mechanical properties and low porosity after accelerated corrosion testing. Better mechanical and protective properties result from the highly defective fi ne-grained texture, a reduced content of hydrogen, and the layered coating structure. The fi ndings of the research can be used to predict the parameters of an electrodeposition process using pulsed current to apply nickel coatings to components that operate under extreme conditions, particularly components in rocket and space technologies that experience severe thermomechanical and corrosive loads.

Key words: electrodeposition, pulsed current, nickel coatings, texture, properties

Bibliography:

1. Boukhouiete A., Boumendjel S., Sobhi N.-E.-H. Eff ect of Current Density on the Microstructure and Morphology of the Electrodeposited Nickel Coatings. Turkish Journal of Chemistry. 2021. Vol. 45, No. 5. P. 1599–1608. https://doi.org/10.3906/kim-2102-46
2. Ul-Hamid A., Dafalla H., Quddus A., Saricimen H., Al-Hadhrami L. M. Microstructure and Surface Mechanical Properties of Pulse Electrodeposited Nickel. Applied Surface Science. 2011. Vol. 257, Iss. 22. P. 9251–9259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.04.120
3. Lebedeva O., Fishgoit L., Knyazev A., Kultin D., Kustov L. Electrodeposition of Iron Triad Metal Coatings: Miles to Go. Metals. 2023. Vol. 13, Iss. 4. Art. 657. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13040657
4. Tsyntsaru N., Cesiulis H., Bersirova O. Design of Iron-Based Multifunctional Alloys Electrodeposited from Complexing Electrolytes. Materials. 2025. Vol. 18, Iss. 2. Art. 263. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18020263
5. Jegan A., Venkatesan R. Characterization and Optimization of Pulse Electrodeposition of Ni/Nano-Al₂O₃ Composite Coatings. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials. 2013. Vol. 20, Iss. 5. P. 479–485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-013-0754-z
6. Hansal W. E. G., Sandulache G., Mann R., Leisner P. Pulse-Electrodeposited NiP–SiC Composite Coatings. Electrochimica Acta. 2013. Vol. 114. P. 851–858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.08.182
7. Zabludovsky V. A., Shtapenko E. F. The Obtaining of Cobalt Multilayers by Programme-Controlled Pulse Current. Transactions of the Institute of Metal Finishing. 1997. Vol. 75, Iss. 5. P. 203–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.1997.11871173
8. Tytarenko V. V., Zabludovs’kyy V. O. Structure and Properties of Composite Nickel Coatings Obtained by Program-Controlled Current. Metallophysics and Advanced Technologies. 2025. Vol. 47, Iss. 4. P. 415–425. https://doi.org/10.15407/mfi nt.47.04.0415
9. Tytarenko V. V., Gerasimenko D. V. Infl uence of Pulsed Current Parameters on the Structure Formation of Amorphous Co–W Alloys and Their Thermal Stability. Journal of Nano- and Electronic Physics. 2025. Vol. 17, No. 3. Art. 03034. https://doi.org/10.21272/jnep.17(3).03034
10. Ait Layachi O., Moujib A., Khoumri E. M. Electrochemical Nucleation and Growth Mechanism of Metals. Electroanalysis. 2024. Vol. 36. Iss. 11. Art. e202400115. https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.202400115
11. Tytarenko V. V., Zabludovsky V. A., Shtapenko E. Ph., Tytarenko I. V., Grishechkin S. A. Structuring of Micro-Layered Nickel Coatings Obtained by Program-Controlled Current. Metallophysics and Advanced Technologies. 2020. Vol. 42, No. 3. P. 351–362. https://doi.org/10.15407/mfint.42.03.0351
12. Awasthi S., De S., Pandey S. K. Electrodeposited Carbon Nanostructured Nickel Composite Coatings: A Review. Heliyon. 2024. Vol. 10, Iss. 8. Art. e26051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26051
13. Guo L., He W., Chen W., Xue Z., He J., Guo Y., Wu Y., Gao L., Li D., Zhang Z., Wei L., Gao Y., Zhang T., Qiao J., Li Q., Guo H. Progress on High-Temperature Protective Coatings for Aero-Engines. Surface Science and Technology. 2023. Vol. 1, Iss. 1. Art. 6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44251-023-00005-6
14. Pollock T. M. Alloy Design for Aircraft Engines. Nature Materials. 2016. Vol. 15, Iss. 8. Р. 809–815. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4709
15. Ahmadkhaniha D., Tsongas K., Tzetzis D., Zanella C. Study of the Eff ect of Pulse Plating Parameters on the Electrodeposition of NiP and NiP/SiC Coatings and Their Microhardness Values. Transactions of the Institute of Metal Finishing. 2021. Vol. 99, Iss. 1. P. 29–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.2020.1819030
16. Mehranian M., Ahmadimoghadam H.Eff ect of Pulse Electrodeposition Parameters on the Properties of Ni-Co/SiC-CeO2 Composite Coatings on Copper Substrates. Iranian Journal of Materials Science and Engineering. 2024. Vol. 21, Iss. 4. P. 79–90. https://doi.org/10.22068/ijmse.3745
17. Yang Y., Cheng Y. F. Fabrication of Ni–Co–SiC Composite Coatings by Pulse Electrodeposition – Eff ects of Duty Cycle and Pulse Frequency. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2013. Vol. 216. P. 282–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.11.059
18. Guo L., Searson P. C. On the Infl uence of the Nucleation Overpotential on Island Growth in Electrodeposition. Electrochimica Acta. 2010. Vol. 55, Iss. 13. P. 4086–4091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2010.02.038
19. Karimi S., Foulkes F. R. Modeling the Eff ects of Diff erent Pulse Current Waveforms on Grain Size of Electrodeposited Nickel Coatings. Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 2012. Vol. 159, No. 11. P. D659–D670. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.015211jes
20. Kim W., Weil R. Pulse Plating Eff ects in Nickel Electrodeposition. Surface and Coatings Technology. 1989. Vol. 38, Iss. 3. P. 289–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(89)90091-1
21. Hughes G. D., Smith S. D., Pande C. S., Johnson H. R., Armstrong R. W. Hall–Petch Strengthening for the Microhardness of Twelve Nanometer Grain Diameter Electrodeposited Nickel. Scripta Metallurgica. 1986. Vol. 20, Iss. 1. P. 93–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/0036-9748(86)90219-X
22. Izuwa A., Nitta M., Inoue Y., Toyoda M., Tsukamoto M. Adhesive Strength Evaluation of Coating Layer by Modifi ed Pin Test: Applicability of Stress Singularity Parameter for Evaluating Adhesive Strength of Coating Film (Phase 2). Quarterly Journal of the Japan Welding Society. 1991. Vol. 9, No. 2. P. 275–281. https://doi.org/10.2207/qjjws.9.275
23. Shtapenko E. P., Zabludovsky V. O., Tytarenko V. V., Kraeva V. S., Afanasov A. M. Formation of Layered Structure in Films of Nickel at Electrodeposition by a Pulse Current. Metallophysics and Advanced Technologies. 2019. Vol. 41, No.1. P. 27–37. https://doi.org/10.15407/mfint.41.01.0027

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3.2.2025 Electric thrusters utilizing metal plasma

manager — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 08:12:56 +0000

3. Electric thrusters utilizing metal plasma

Date of receipt of the article for publication: 24.10.2025

Date of acceptance of the article for publication after review: 07.11.2025

Date of publication: 27.01.2026

ISSN: 2617-5525

e-ISSN: 2617-5533

Authors:

Spirin Ye. V., Nadtoka V. M.

ORCID authors:

Spirin Ye. V. ORCID, Nadtoka V. M. ORCID

Organization:

Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office

Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2025 (2); 24-34

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2025.02.024

Language: Ukrainian

Annotation: The article provides an overview of modern research on the problem of creating electric jet engines based on metal plasma. Electric jet engines have long attracted the attention of specialists working in the fi eld of creating space technology. One type of electric rocket engines is electric engines that use a metal plasma fl ow. A metal plasma rocket engine (Vacuum Arc Thruster, VAT) is a new class of electric propulsion systems in which metal converted into a plasma state using an electric discharge and an accelerated metal plasma fl ow creates jet thrust. A metal plasma engine does not require gas or liquid fuel, neutralizers, heaters, highvoltage electronics, or strong electric or magnetic fi elds to operate. Metal plasma engines use metal to create a plasma fl ow, so their design is very compact. Since the cathode material is in the solid phase, there can be no fuel loss due to leakage. No gases are required, so such engines do not threaten the spacecraft with a possible explosion of the pressurized container. In addition, there are no valves and fl ow sensors (components that increase the complexity and cost of the system). The purpose of this work is to analyze the level of development of vacuum-arc jet engines on metal plasma based on the generalization and systematization of publications. Particular attention paid to the analysis of works that consider metal plasma engines with a thrust level of the order of millinewtons. Based on the analysis, conclusions drawn regarding the relevance of the development of vacuum-arc jet engines. In March 2024, a satellite successfully launched in the USA, in which the Xantus X4 vacuum-arc jet engine developed by Alameda Applied Sciences Co. and Benchmark Space Systems was installed. Currently, leading companies in the space industry continue to improve the technology of metal plasma rocket engines with an emphasis on reliability, increased thrust and service life. The article intended for specialists in the fi eld of rocket engine engineering.

Key words: electric thruster, vacuumarc discharge, metal plasma

Bibliography:

1. Ethan Dale, Benjamin Jorns and Alec Gallimore. Future Directions for Electric Propulsion Research. Aerospace. 2020, 7, 120.
https://doi:10.3390/aerospace7090120.
2. Lev D., Myers R. M., Lemmer K. M., Kolbeck J., Koizumi H., Polzin K. The technological and commercial expansion of electric propulsion. Acta Astronautica. 2019. Vol.159. P. 213-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2019.03.058
3. O’Reilly D., Herdrich G., Kavanagh D.F. Electric Propulsion Methods for Small Satellites: A Review. Aerospace 2021. Vol. 8. Issue 1. 22.
https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8010022
4. Kolbeck J., Anders A., Beilis I.I., Keidar M. Micro-propulsion based on vacuum arcs. Journal of Appied Physics. 2019. Vol.125 Issue 22.
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5081096.
5. Polk J. E., Sekerak M. J., Ziemer J. K., Schein J., and Anders A. A Theoretical analysis of vacuum arc thruster and vacuum arc ion thruster performance. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 2008. Vol. 36, No. 5, P. 2167–2179.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2008.2004374
6. Schein J., Qi N., Binder R., Krishnan M., Anders A. Et al. Low mass vacuum arc thruster system for station keeping missions. IEPC-01-228: Pasadena, CA. USA. 2001.
7. Anders A. Cathodic Arcs. Springer Science Business Media. New York. 2008. 540 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79108-1
8. Sanders D. M., Anders A. Review of Cathodic Arc Deposition Technology at the Start of the New Millennium. Surface and Coatings Technology. Vol. 133-134. 2000. P. 78-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(00)00879-3
9. Liubimov H. A., Rakhovskyi V.I. Katodna pliama vakuumnoi duhy. UFN. 1978. T. 125, vyp. 4. S. 665-706. https://doi.org/10.3367/UFNr.0125.197808c.0665
10. Tanberg R. On the Cathode of an Arc Drawn in Vacuum. Physical Review. 1930. Vol. 35, No. 9. P. 1080-1089. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.35.1080
11. Anders A. and Yushkov G. Ion flux from vacuum arc cathode spots in the absence and presence of magnetic fields. Journal of Appied Physics . 2002.Vol. 91. No. 8. P. 4824. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1459619
12. Lun J. Performance improvement of vacuum arc thrusters. A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 2015.
13. Dethlefsen R. Performance measure-ments on a pulsed vacuum arc thruster. AIAA Journal. 1968. 6(6). P. 1197–1199. https://doi.org/10.2514/3.4713
14. Gilmour A. & Lockwood D. Pulsed metallic-plasma generators, Proceedings of the IEEE. 1972. 60(8), P. 977–991. https://doi.org/10.1109/PROC.1972.8821
15. Qi N., Gensler S., Prasad R., Krishnan M., Vizir A. & Brown I. A vacuum arc ion thruster for space propulsion. Technical report, AASC. SBIR Phase-I Final Report F49620-97-C-0024, 31 MARCH 1998. https://doi.org/10.21236/ADA342818
16. Tang B., Idzkowski L. & Au M. Thrust improvement of the magnetically enhanced vacuum arc thruster (MVAT), in ‘29th International Electric Propulsion Conference’, Vol. IEPC-2005 304. 2005. Princeton University.
17. Polk J. E., Sekerak M. J., Ziemer J. K., Schein J., Niansheng Qi and Anders A. A Theoretical analysis of vacuum arc thruster and vacuum arc ion thruster performance. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 2008. Vol. 36, No. 5, P. 2167–2179. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2008.2004374
18. Rysanek F., Hartmann J. W., Schein J. and Binder R. MicroVacuum Arc Thruster Design for a CubeSat Class Satellite. In 16th Annual/USU Conference on Small Satellites. 2002.
19. Lun J. Development of a vacuum arc thruster for nanosatellite propulsion. Master’s thesis, Stellenbosch University. 2008.
20. Keidar M., Schein J., Wilson K., Gerhan A., Au M., Tang B., Idzkowski L., Krishnan M. and Beilis I. I. Magnetically enhanced vacuum arc thruster. Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 2005. 14(4), 661–669. https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/14/4/004
21. Schein J., Gerhan A., Woo R., Au M., Krishnan M. Vacuum arc plasma thrusters with inductive energy storage driver. US Patent App. 11/417,366. 2007.
22. Gilmour A. S. Concerning the Feasibility of a Vacuum-Arc Thruster. In AIAA 5th Electric Propulsion Conference, San Diego, CA. 1966. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1966-202
23. Schein J., Qi N., Binder R., Krishnan M., Polk J., Ziemer J. and Shotwell R. Vacuum Arc Thruster for Small Satellite Applications. Final Contractor Report, NASA. NASA CR 2001 211323. 2001.
24. Pietzka M. Development and Characterization of a Propulsion System for CubeSats Based on Vacuum Arc Thrusters. Ph.D. Thesis, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Munich, Germany, 2016. P. 177.
25. Zhuang T., Shashurin A., Brieda L., and Keidar M. Development of micro-vacuum arc thruster with extended lifetime. 31st International Electric Propulsion Conference, IEPC-2009-192. Ann Arbor, Michigan. 2009. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2009-4820
26. Duppada G. S., Taploo A., Spinelli J., Keidar M. Toward achieving longevity of micro cathode thrusters. Journal of Applied Physics. 2025. 138 (2) . https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0273158.
27. Krishnan M., Velas K., and Leemans S. Metal Plasma Thruster for Small Satellites. AIAA Journal. 2020. Vol. 36, No. 4, P. 535-539.
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28. Frankovich K., Krishnan M. Metal plasma thruster (MPT): from garage to orbit in 4 years, presented at the 2024 3AF Space Propulsion Conference in Glasgow, Scotland, 20 – 23 MAY 2024.
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https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12060549
32. Anders A., Schein J. and Qi N. Pulsed vacuum-arc ion source operated with a ‘triggerless’ arc initiation method. Review of Scientific Instruments. 2000. 71(2), P. 827-829. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1150305
33. Schein J., Qi N., Binder R., Krishnan M., Ziemer J. K., Polk J. E., & Anders A. Inductive Energy Storage Driven Vacuum Arc Thruster, Review of Scientific Instruments. 2022 . 73. P. 925-927.
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1428784

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9.2.2019 Gas-dynamic simulation of the supersonic stream in the pulsed wind tunnel

manager — Tue, 03 Oct 2023 11:48:27 +0000

9. Gas-dynamic simulation of the supersonic stream in the pulsed wind tunnel

ISSN: 2617-5525

e-ISSN: 2617-5533

Authors:

Sirenko V. M., Zhivotov O. Yu.

Organization:

Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine

Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2019, (2); 63-70

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2019.02.063

Language: Russian

Annotation: A promising experimental bench – a shock wind tunnel was put into operation at Yuzhnoye SDO. The shock wind tunnel is designed to simulate the incident flow during rocket flight at high supersonic and hypersonic velocities. To solve actual design problems facing Yuzhnoye SDO, it was necessary to expand the range of velocities under investigation in a shock wind tunnel by low supersonic Mach numbers (Mа=1.5; 2; 3). As a result of this work, a modernized configuration of the shock wind tunnel was developed, which allows simulating flow parameters at low supersonic velocities. The results of aerodynamic experiment performed in the modernized shock wind tunnel, which are close to full scale ones, can be obtained using as much data on peculiarities of supersonic flow formation in it as possible. Therefore, the study of the distribution of Mach numbers profiles in the working section of the modernized shock wind tunnel at low and high supersonic velocity was chosen as the main line of research. The results of the research presented in the article are based on the use of numerical simulation methods, as well as data obtained experimentally. As a result of gasdynamic simulation of a supersonic flow conducted for the nozzle Mа=4 and the nozzle Mа=2, the calculated and experimental data on the distribution pattern and field values of Mach numbers in the working section of the tunnel were obtained. A comparative analysis was carried out. The boundaries of the region of equal velocities, within which the condition of quasistatic supersonic flow is satisfied, and the lifetime of the operating mode for the selected nozzle type were determined. At the flow from the nozzle Mа=2, a peculiarity was revealed in the distribution pattern of Mach numbers fields associated with the appearance of “blocking” effect of the supersonic flow. The methods for eliminating the effect of flow “blocking” at low supersonic velocities are proposed.

Key words: incident flow modeling, velocity fields in the wind tunnel working section, aerodynamic experiment

Bibliography:

1. Zvegintsev V. I. Gasodynamicheskie ustanovki kratkovremennogo deistviya. V dvuh chastyakh. Ch. 1. Ustanovki dlya nauchnykh issledovaniy. Novosibirsk, 2014. 551 s.

2. Computerno-vymiryuvalni tekhnologii kontrolu ta upravlinnya raketno-kosmichnoi techniki / monogr. pid zagal. red. prof. V. P. Malaichuka. Dnipro, 2018. 344 s.

3. «Sirius-18». Systema izmereniya i upravleniya impulsnoi aerodynamicheskoi truboi. Rukovodstvo po ekspluatatsii. ELVA4.044.901 RE. 2018. 45 s.

4. Abramovich G.N. Prikladnaya gazovaya dynamika. M., 1978. 888 s.

5. Raschet vnutrennego davlenia v otsekakh RN. YSF YZH UMN 041 01. Rukovodstvo operatora. 2016. 138 s.

6. Issledovania characteristic hyperzvukovoi aerodynamicheskoi truby AT-303. Ch. 1. Polya skorostey / A. M. Kharitonov at al. Teplophysika i aeromekhanika. 2006. T. 13, № 1. S. 1–17.

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