Search Results for “gas” – Collected book of scientific-technical articles

5.2.2025 Analysis and minimization of resistive forces occurring during rocket stage separation. Possibility of using a single pneumatic pusher for stage separation

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5. Analysis and minimization of resistive forces occurring during rocket stage separation. Possibility of using a single pneumatic pusher for stage separation

Date of receipt of the article for publication: 10.11.2025

Date of acceptance of the article for publication after review: 24.11.2025

Date of publication: 27.01.2026

ISSN: 2617-5525

e-ISSN: 2617-5533

Authors:

Udovychenko D. O., Makarenko A. O.

ORCID authors:

Udovychenko D. O. ORCID

Organization:

Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office

Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2025 (2); 46-57

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2025.02.046

Language: Ukrainian

Annotation: One of the primary objectives in designing separation systems for rocket stages is to create a system featuring minimal mass while ensuring the required relative speed of stage separation, achieving minimal thrust diff erence, and preventing contamination of spacecraft surfaces. Based on the results of resolving an optimization problem, the utilization of one pneumatic pusher for stage separation is one of the optimum scenarios, which will enable a several times lighter mass of the separation system due to the signifi cant reduction of the mass of pipelines, the overall mass of the pusher, and the mass of gas bottles and their fasteners. The preliminary analysis of the separation process and the possibility of using a single pneumatic pusher for stage separation was performed using a mathematical model in the form of a system of diff erential equations describing the stage separation process, and through a series of calculations. The calculation results demonstrate that using a single pneumatic pusher to minimize the risk of an emergency requires a substantial reduction of the resistive forces occurring during stage separation. The article reviews the results of ground development testing for the stage separation system utilized in the Cyclone launch vehicles. It simulates an emergency when an abnormal detachment of the structural elements of stages occurs due to a meshing of electrical disconnector covers, resulting in the adapter section rotation by an angle over the allowable value. The article outlines the method for the experimental determination of resistive forces, presents calculated values obtained during the design phase, and compares these values with experimental data. Resistive force components were identifi ed during testing, such as detachment forces for electrical connectors and sealing elements, and friction forces in guiding studs. For the fi rst time in the practice of launch vehicle design, the authors present a separation system that eliminates resistive forces through the use of an alternative complex of electrical disconnectors, featuring noncontact data transfer and allowing for reduced power losses and fewer elements that produce relative speed for the stage separation system, resulting in a signifi cantly lighter overall mass of the system. The article analyzes resistive forces induced by the detachment of sealants. It presents a procedure for the autonomous development testing of joint sealants, which identifi es the relation between their detachment force and layer thickness. A technique for sealant application to the attachment surface has been developed. The test results enabled determining the required thickness of attachment sealants and the optimum application technique. Therefore, the change in the sealant application technique resulted in a 2.3 times lower maximum resistive force during stage separation, which meets the maximum and design values. The results of experiments provide meaningful data for the engineers of stage and booster separation systems for spacecraft and launch vehicles. Furthermore, they confi rm the feasibility of using alternative electrical disconnectors for stage separation.

Key words: pneumatic pusher, non-contact electric connector, resistive force, stage separation system, minimum mass of the stage separation system, emergencies, transient dynamics, launch vehicle, materials properties, strength

Bibliography:

1. Hamand M. Yehia, Rigid body dynamics: A Lagrangian Approach. Boston, Birkhauser. 2022. 485 p.
2. Ahmed A. Shabana, Dinamic of Multibody Systems. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 2020. 420 p.
3. Beiko I. V., Bublyk B. M., Zinko P. M. Metody i alhorytmy rozviazannia zadach optymizatsii. Kyiv: Vyshcha shkola. 1983. 512 s.
4. Udovychenko D. O. Optymizatsiia parametriv pnevmatychnoi systemy rozdilennia stupeniv rakety-nosiia kosmichnoho pryznachennia. Visnyk DNU. 2025. 34 (3). S. 9-17.
5. Linnyk A. K. Konstruiuvannia korpusiv ridynnykh balistychnykh raket. Dnipro, Vyd-vo DDU. 1994. 220 s.
6. Joaquim A. Battle, Anna Barjam Condomines, Rigid body dynamics, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 2022. 596 p.

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4.2.2025 Thermal decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the combustion zone of a gas generator. Simulation of the process

manager — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 08:21:22 +0000

4. Thermal decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the combustion zone of a gas generator. Simulation of the process

Date of receipt of the article for publication: 29.09.2025

Date of acceptance of the article for publication after review: 13.10.2025

Date of publication: 27.01.2026

ISSN: 2617-5525

e-ISSN: 2617-5533

Автори: Nykytenko K. O., Shulik A. V. , Zalevskyi S. V.

Organization: Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office

Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2025 (2); 35-45

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2025.02.035

Language: Ukrainian

Annotation: Two models have been developed to investigate the thermal decomposition of concentrated hydrogen peroxide: in a fl ow of high-temperature decomposition products (1) and for an analysis of properties of decomposed products after a catalyst bed (2). The fi rst model assumes steady, adiabatic fl ow and accounts for mass balance conditions, drop evaporation, decomposition in the gas phase, and conservation laws for a volume under analysis. The model considers various CHP concentration levels for both primary and secondary fl ows, mass fl ow rates for both fl ows, and initial temperatures of liquid CHP fed to diff erent zones of the preburner. The second model is suitable for analyzing the properties of decomposition products after a catalyst, where the complete decomposition of concentrated hydrogen peroxide occurs. The parameters of steam gas are determined by energy balance in a CHP decomposition reaction. This model also accounts for the concentration of liquid CHP and its initial temperature. The analysis results for the fi rst model indicate the signifi cant eff ect of droplet size and the rate of the secondary injectant fl ow on the decomposition process. In general, the results demonstrate a limitation for the amount of the secondary fl ow (the mass of the secondary fl ow should not exceed ~30–40 % of the total mass in the preburner volume under analysis, as the process of liquid hydrogen peroxide evaporation consumes heat from the primary fl ow, and its temperature drops at the beginning of the mixing zone). The results also reveal that the optimal droplet size of injectant fl ow exists, caused by the admissible time of residence in the preburner’s fl ame zone. The droplet size also impacts the allowable level of local temperature drop at the CHP injection area: the smaller the drop size, the more intense the evaporation, and the more heat is consumed from the high-temperature gas. A simplifi ed analysis of properties of CHP decomposition products is off ered, assuming the mass fl ow rate of the secondary fl ow is less than ~25 % of the total amount.

Key words: hydrogen peroxide, thermo-catalytic preburner, steam gas, thermal decomposition products

Bibliography:

1. Shyshkov A. A., Rumiantsev B. V. Heneratory raketnykh system. M.: Mashynostroenye. 1952. 152 s.
2. Berezanskaia E. L., Kurpatenkov V. D., Shutov N. V. Hazoheneratory zhydkostnykh raketnykh dvyhatelei. M.: Yzd-vo MAY. 1982. 56 s.
3. Bolharskyi A. V., Shchukyn V. K. Rabochye protsessy v zhydkostno-reaktyvnykh dvyhateliakh. M.: Hos. yzd-vo oboronnoi promyshlennosty. 1953. 424 s.
4. Odnokomponentnye topliva dlya GRD. Spravochnik. Tom 5. GIPH.1961. 83 s.
5. Thermochemical analysis of hydrogen peroxide with applications to rocket design. A project report presented to the Department of Aerospace Engineering. San Jose State University. R.A. Robles, 2002.
6. Giguere P. A. The Thermal Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide Vapour II, Canadian Journal of Research, Chemical Sciences, Vol. 25. No. 2, 1947. P. 135-150. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjr47b-018
7. Stephen R. Turns, An Introduction to Combustion, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1996. 704 p.
8. Satterfield C.N. and Stein T.W. Homogeneous Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide Vapour. J. of Physical Chemistry. Vol. 61, 1957. P. 537-540. https://doi.org/10.1021/j150551a006
9. Consanttine M.T., Cain E.F. Hydrogen Peroxide Handbook. Chemical and Material Science Department, Research Division, Rocketdyne, a Division of North American Aviation, Inc. Technical Report AFRPL-TR-67-144, July 1967. 488 p.
10. Ehorychev V. S. Raschyot y proektyrovanye smeseobrazovanyia v zhydkostnom raketnom dvyhatele. S.: Yzd-vo Samarskyi hosudarstvennyi aerokosmycheskyi universytet. 2011. 101 s.

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3.2.2025 Electric thrusters utilizing metal plasma

manager — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 08:12:56 +0000

3. Electric thrusters utilizing metal plasma

Date of receipt of the article for publication: 24.10.2025

Date of acceptance of the article for publication after review: 07.11.2025

Date of publication: 27.01.2026

ISSN: 2617-5525

e-ISSN: 2617-5533

Authors:

Spirin Ye. V., Nadtoka V. M.

ORCID authors:

Spirin Ye. V. ORCID, Nadtoka V. M. ORCID

Organization:

Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office

Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2025 (2); 24-34

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2025.02.024

Language: Ukrainian

Annotation: The article provides an overview of modern research on the problem of creating electric jet engines based on metal plasma. Electric jet engines have long attracted the attention of specialists working in the fi eld of creating space technology. One type of electric rocket engines is electric engines that use a metal plasma fl ow. A metal plasma rocket engine (Vacuum Arc Thruster, VAT) is a new class of electric propulsion systems in which metal converted into a plasma state using an electric discharge and an accelerated metal plasma fl ow creates jet thrust. A metal plasma engine does not require gas or liquid fuel, neutralizers, heaters, highvoltage electronics, or strong electric or magnetic fi elds to operate. Metal plasma engines use metal to create a plasma fl ow, so their design is very compact. Since the cathode material is in the solid phase, there can be no fuel loss due to leakage. No gases are required, so such engines do not threaten the spacecraft with a possible explosion of the pressurized container. In addition, there are no valves and fl ow sensors (components that increase the complexity and cost of the system). The purpose of this work is to analyze the level of development of vacuum-arc jet engines on metal plasma based on the generalization and systematization of publications. Particular attention paid to the analysis of works that consider metal plasma engines with a thrust level of the order of millinewtons. Based on the analysis, conclusions drawn regarding the relevance of the development of vacuum-arc jet engines. In March 2024, a satellite successfully launched in the USA, in which the Xantus X4 vacuum-arc jet engine developed by Alameda Applied Sciences Co. and Benchmark Space Systems was installed. Currently, leading companies in the space industry continue to improve the technology of metal plasma rocket engines with an emphasis on reliability, increased thrust and service life. The article intended for specialists in the fi eld of rocket engine engineering.

Key words: electric thruster, vacuumarc discharge, metal plasma

Bibliography:

1. Ethan Dale, Benjamin Jorns and Alec Gallimore. Future Directions for Electric Propulsion Research. Aerospace. 2020, 7, 120.
https://doi:10.3390/aerospace7090120.
2. Lev D., Myers R. M., Lemmer K. M., Kolbeck J., Koizumi H., Polzin K. The technological and commercial expansion of electric propulsion. Acta Astronautica. 2019. Vol.159. P. 213-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2019.03.058
3. O’Reilly D., Herdrich G., Kavanagh D.F. Electric Propulsion Methods for Small Satellites: A Review. Aerospace 2021. Vol. 8. Issue 1. 22.
https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8010022
4. Kolbeck J., Anders A., Beilis I.I., Keidar M. Micro-propulsion based on vacuum arcs. Journal of Appied Physics. 2019. Vol.125 Issue 22.
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5081096.
5. Polk J. E., Sekerak M. J., Ziemer J. K., Schein J., and Anders A. A Theoretical analysis of vacuum arc thruster and vacuum arc ion thruster performance. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 2008. Vol. 36, No. 5, P. 2167–2179.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2008.2004374
6. Schein J., Qi N., Binder R., Krishnan M., Anders A. Et al. Low mass vacuum arc thruster system for station keeping missions. IEPC-01-228: Pasadena, CA. USA. 2001.
7. Anders A. Cathodic Arcs. Springer Science Business Media. New York. 2008. 540 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79108-1
8. Sanders D. M., Anders A. Review of Cathodic Arc Deposition Technology at the Start of the New Millennium. Surface and Coatings Technology. Vol. 133-134. 2000. P. 78-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(00)00879-3
9. Liubimov H. A., Rakhovskyi V.I. Katodna pliama vakuumnoi duhy. UFN. 1978. T. 125, vyp. 4. S. 665-706. https://doi.org/10.3367/UFNr.0125.197808c.0665
10. Tanberg R. On the Cathode of an Arc Drawn in Vacuum. Physical Review. 1930. Vol. 35, No. 9. P. 1080-1089. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.35.1080
11. Anders A. and Yushkov G. Ion flux from vacuum arc cathode spots in the absence and presence of magnetic fields. Journal of Appied Physics . 2002.Vol. 91. No. 8. P. 4824. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1459619
12. Lun J. Performance improvement of vacuum arc thrusters. A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 2015.
13. Dethlefsen R. Performance measure-ments on a pulsed vacuum arc thruster. AIAA Journal. 1968. 6(6). P. 1197–1199. https://doi.org/10.2514/3.4713
14. Gilmour A. & Lockwood D. Pulsed metallic-plasma generators, Proceedings of the IEEE. 1972. 60(8), P. 977–991. https://doi.org/10.1109/PROC.1972.8821
15. Qi N., Gensler S., Prasad R., Krishnan M., Vizir A. & Brown I. A vacuum arc ion thruster for space propulsion. Technical report, AASC. SBIR Phase-I Final Report F49620-97-C-0024, 31 MARCH 1998. https://doi.org/10.21236/ADA342818
16. Tang B., Idzkowski L. & Au M. Thrust improvement of the magnetically enhanced vacuum arc thruster (MVAT), in ‘29th International Electric Propulsion Conference’, Vol. IEPC-2005 304. 2005. Princeton University.
17. Polk J. E., Sekerak M. J., Ziemer J. K., Schein J., Niansheng Qi and Anders A. A Theoretical analysis of vacuum arc thruster and vacuum arc ion thruster performance. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 2008. Vol. 36, No. 5, P. 2167–2179. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2008.2004374
18. Rysanek F., Hartmann J. W., Schein J. and Binder R. MicroVacuum Arc Thruster Design for a CubeSat Class Satellite. In 16th Annual/USU Conference on Small Satellites. 2002.
19. Lun J. Development of a vacuum arc thruster for nanosatellite propulsion. Master’s thesis, Stellenbosch University. 2008.
20. Keidar M., Schein J., Wilson K., Gerhan A., Au M., Tang B., Idzkowski L., Krishnan M. and Beilis I. I. Magnetically enhanced vacuum arc thruster. Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 2005. 14(4), 661–669. https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/14/4/004
21. Schein J., Gerhan A., Woo R., Au M., Krishnan M. Vacuum arc plasma thrusters with inductive energy storage driver. US Patent App. 11/417,366. 2007.
22. Gilmour A. S. Concerning the Feasibility of a Vacuum-Arc Thruster. In AIAA 5th Electric Propulsion Conference, San Diego, CA. 1966. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1966-202
23. Schein J., Qi N., Binder R., Krishnan M., Polk J., Ziemer J. and Shotwell R. Vacuum Arc Thruster for Small Satellite Applications. Final Contractor Report, NASA. NASA CR 2001 211323. 2001.
24. Pietzka M. Development and Characterization of a Propulsion System for CubeSats Based on Vacuum Arc Thrusters. Ph.D. Thesis, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Munich, Germany, 2016. P. 177.
25. Zhuang T., Shashurin A., Brieda L., and Keidar M. Development of micro-vacuum arc thruster with extended lifetime. 31st International Electric Propulsion Conference, IEPC-2009-192. Ann Arbor, Michigan. 2009. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2009-4820
26. Duppada G. S., Taploo A., Spinelli J., Keidar M. Toward achieving longevity of micro cathode thrusters. Journal of Applied Physics. 2025. 138 (2) . https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0273158.
27. Krishnan M., Velas K., and Leemans S. Metal Plasma Thruster for Small Satellites. AIAA Journal. 2020. Vol. 36, No. 4, P. 535-539.
https://doi.org/10.2514/1.B37603.
28. Frankovich K., Krishnan M. Metal plasma thruster (MPT): from garage to orbit in 4 years, presented at the 2024 3AF Space Propulsion Conference in Glasgow, Scotland, 20 – 23 MAY 2024.
29. Frankovich K., Krishnan M., Mackey J.A., Kamhawi H. Flight Metal Plasma Thruster (MPT) Development, Qualification, and Thrust Measurement Campaign. Nasa Technical Reports Server: Cleveland, OH, USA, 2024.
30. Saletes J., Kim M., Saddul K., Wittig A., Honda K., Katila P. Development of a Novel Cubesat De-Orbiting All Printed Propulsion System. Space Propulsion: Estoril, Portugal, 2022.
31. Kanda B. and Kim M. Operation of Vacuum Arc Thruster Arrays with Multiple Isolated Current Sources. Aerospace. 2025, 12(6), 549.
https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12060549
32. Anders A., Schein J. and Qi N. Pulsed vacuum-arc ion source operated with a ‘triggerless’ arc initiation method. Review of Scientific Instruments. 2000. 71(2), P. 827-829. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1150305
33. Schein J., Qi N., Binder R., Krishnan M., Ziemer J. K., Polk J. E., & Anders A. Inductive Energy Storage Driven Vacuum Arc Thruster, Review of Scientific Instruments. 2022 . 73. P. 925-927.
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1428784

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2.2.2025 Performance analysis and validation of a monopropellant air-detonation ramjet engine

manager — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 08:06:29 +0000

2. Performance analysis and validation of a monopropellant air-detonation ramjet engine

Date of receipt of the article for publication: 15.10.2025

Date of acceptance of the article for publication after review: 29.10.2025

Date of publication: 27.01.2026

ISSN: 2617-5525

e-ISSN: 2617-5533

Authors:

Stoliarchuk V. V., Tertyshnyk S. V.

ORCID authors:

Stoliarchuk V. V. ORCID, Tertyshnyk S. V. ORCID

Organization:

Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2025 (2); 12-23

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2025.02.012

Language: English

Annotation: The increasing relevance of alternative propulsion systems necessitates an exploration of the potential of monopropellant detonation engines for compact and effi cient aerospace applications. This study aimed to investigate the operating parameters and performance characteristics of a direct-fl ow air-detonation propulsion system operating on environmentally friendly monopropellants. The research was based on a combination of experimental methods and numerical simulation using validated thermochemical models. It presents the results of a series of tests conducted with modifi ed engine geometries under varying inlet temperature and pressure conditions, focusing on achieving a stable detonation wave and analysing its propagation features. A detailed comparison between experimental pressure data and numerical predictions showed a deviation of less than 6.5 %, validating the reliability of the simulation model for practical applications. The infl uence of diff erent combustion chamber lengths and injector confi gurations was also assessed, revealing that geometric optimization plays a crucial role in maintaining detonation stability across diff erent temperature regimes. The study identifi ed critical fl ow parameters for successful ignition and detonation maintenance without external oxidizers, and highlighted the performance of two promising monopropellant compositions, including a modifi ed pronit-based propellant. The fi ndings contribute to optimizing heat release dynamics and pressure gain within the detonation chamber, off ering valuable insights into designing lightweight, energy-effi cient engines for future aerospace systems. The practical value of this research lies in the potential of applying its results in the design of advanced aerospace propulsion systems that feature compact size and environmental friendliness.

Key words: detonation combustion, wave stability, experimental simulation, thermal dynamics, geometric optimisation

Bibliography:

1. Zhang H., Jiang L., Liu W. D. & Liu S. J. Characteristic of rotating detonation wave in an H2/Air hollow chamber with Laval nozzle. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2021. 46 (24). 13389–13401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.01.143
2. Xue S., Ying Z., Hu M., & Zhou C. Experimental study on the rotating detonation engine based on a gas mixture. Frontiers in Energy Research. 2023. 11. 1136156. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2023.1136156
3. Xue S., Ying Z., Ma H., & Zhou C. Experimental investigation on two-phase rotating detonation fueled by kerosene in a hollow directed combustor. Frontiers in Energy Research. 2022. 10, 951177. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.951177
4. Kawalec M., Wolanski P., Perkowski W., & Bilar A. Development of a liquid-propellant rocket powered by a rotating detonation engine. Journal of Propulsion and Power. 2023. 39(4). 554–561. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.B38771
5. Zolotko O. Y., Zolotko O. V., Aksyonov O. S., Stoliarchuk V. V., & Cherniavskyi O. S. Analysis of the characteristics of the ejector regime of the impulse-detonation engine of the combined cycle of acceleration. Aerospace technic and technology. 2024. 6 (200). 52–59. https://doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2024.6.05
6. Camacho, R. G., & Huang, C. Component-based reduced order modelling of two-dimensional rotating detonation engine with non-uniform injection. AIAA SCITECH 2025 Forum.
https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2025-1397
7. Feng W., Zhang Q., Xiao Q., Meng H., Han X., Cao Q., Huang H., Wu B., Xu H., & Weng C. Effects of cavity length on operating characteristics of a ramjet rotating detonation enjine fueled by liquid kerosene. Fuel. 2023. 332. 126129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.126129
8. Bennewitz J. W., Bigler B. R., Ross M. C., Danczyk S. A., Hargus W. A. Jr. & Smith R. D. Performance of a rotating detonation rocket engine with various convergent nozzles and chamber lengths. Energies. 2021. 14(8). 2037. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082037
9. Curran D., Wheatley V. & Smart M. High Mach number operation of accelerator scramjet engine. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets. 2023. 60(3). https://doi.org/10.2514/1.A35511
10. Sun D., Dai Q., Chai W. S., Fang W. & Meng H. Experimental studies on parametric effects and reaction mechanisms in electrolytic decomposition and ignition of HAN solutions. ACS Omega. 2022. 7(22). 18521–18530. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c01183
11. Stoliarchuk V. V. Validation of efficiency enhancement methods for detonation jet engines. Aerospace technic and technology. 2024. 4(1). 82–88. https://doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2024.4sup1.12
12. Wang J., Liu Y., Huang W., Zhang Y. & Qiu H. Direct numerical simulation of inflow boundary-layer turbulence effects on cavity flame stabilisation in a model scramjet combustor. Aerospace Science and Technology. 2025. 165. 110463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2025.110463
13. Li W., Oh H. & Ladeinde F. Comparison of flamelet and transported species-based modeling of rotating detonation engines. AIAA SCITECH 2024 Forum. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2024-2599.
14. Chen Y., Liu S., Peng H., Zhong S., Zhang H., Yuan X., Fan W. & Liu W. Propagation and heat release characteristics of rotating detonation in a ramjet engine with a divergent combustor. Physics of Fluids, 2025 37(2), 026132. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0254419
15. Kailasanath K. Review of propulsion applications of detonation waves. AIAA Journal. 2000. 38(9). 1698–1708. https://doi.org/ 10.2514/2.1156
16. Heiser W. H., & Pratt D. T. Thermodynamic cycle analysis of pulse detonation engines. Journal of Propulsion and Power. 2002. 18(1), 68–76. https://doi.org/10.2514/2.5899
17. Munipalli R., Shankar V., Wilson D. R., Kim H., Lu F. K. & Liston G. Performance assessment of ejector-augmented pulsed detonation rockets. In 39th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit (Paper 2001-0830). Reno: AIAA. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2001-830
18. Lu F. K. & Braun E. M. Rotating detonation wave propulsion: Experimental challenges, modeling, and engine concepts. Journal of Propulsion and Power. 2014. 30(5). 1125–1142. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.B34802
19. Armbruster W. et al. Design and testing of a hydrogen–oxygen pre-detonator for RDEs. CEAS Space Journal. 2025. 17. 969-979.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12567-025-00605-y

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3.1.2025 Experimental research on separation diaphragm performance in propellant storage and feed systems of liquid propellant tanks

manager — Wed, 27 Aug 2025 12:40:38 +0000

3. Experimental research on separation diaphragm performance in propellant storage and feed systems of liquid propellant tanks

ISSN: 2617-5525

e-ISSN: 2617-5533

Автори: Shulha V. A., Pidhainyi A. I., Mudrov D. S.

Organization: Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine

Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2025 (1); 19-27

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2025.01.019

Language: Ukrainian

Annotation: This paper presents the results of comprehensive research on the operational performance of diaphragm separators utilized in the fuel storage and supply systems for liquid-propellant rocket engines (LPRE). The relevance of this study arises from the need to ensure the reliable separation of gas and liquid duringthe operation of aerospace systems under diff erent conditions. In this context, special attention is given to autonomous bench tests that enable the evaluation of the key performance parameters of diaphragms before integrating them into production models. The paper examines the shape transformation of spherical diaphragms under external loads, presents an analytical calculation of the initial diaphragm inversion radius, and identifi es the critical pressures that cause buckling. The results of this calculation demonstrate a satisfactory correlation with the experimental data obtained during testing. The methodology for qualifi cation tests conducted on fi ve diff erent diaphragm variants is described. Several technological and design measures have been implemented to enhance product quality. They included increasing the number of drawing passes from two to three with intermediate annealing, reducing the thickness of the blanks, and enlarging the non-rolled polar zone. It was found that the primary factor ensuring defect-free diaphragm inversion is the reduced number of roller passings along the diaphragm contour, which prevents the tearing of the surface layer. The test results for diff erent diaphragm variants confi rmed satisfactory performance. An analysis of pressure diff erentials across the diaphragms during inversion confi rmed compliance with the technical specifi cations. The study concluded that the diaphragm design, when it incorporates all corrective measures, ensures defect-free inversion while maintaining the required pressure diff erential and is recommended for further testing as part of standard tank assemblies.

Key words: Strength parameters; aircraft, space and rocket technologies; design parameters; mathematical simulation; fuel tank; separation diafragm; autonomous bench testing; critical pressure

Bibliography:

1. Ballinger I. A., Lay W. D., Tam W. H. Review and History of PSI Elastomeric Diaphragm Tanks. 31st AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit. 10-12
July 1995, San Diego, CA, USA. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1995-2534.

2. Hartwig J. W. A detailed historical review of propellant management devices for low gravity propellant acquisition. 52nd AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference,
25-27 July 2016, Salt Lake City, USA. Reston: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2016-4772.

3. Lenahen B., Gangadharan S., Desai M. A Computational and Experimental Analysis of Spacecraft Propellant Tanks Implemented with Flexible Diaphragms. Proceedings of
the 54th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: American Institute of Aeronautics and
Astronautics. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2013-1886.

4. Sabaghzadeh H., Shafaee M. Reversal modeling and optimal design of hyper-elastic diaphragm in space fuel tanks. SN Applied Sciences. 2021. Vol. 3, Article number:
792. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-021-04785-0

5. Conomos H. A., Alongi C. G., Moore J., Yager J., Goddard R., Salzler T., Fetes J., Burch K. Development of 10 inch Diameter Titanium Rolling Metal Diaphragm Tank
for Green Propellant. AIAA Propellant Storage and Management II. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2017-4915.

6. Jøraholmen T., Korsvold S., Sandvold P., Luktvasslimo Ø., Snilsberg K. E.
Roadmap towards a qualified aluminium green propellant diaphragm tank. Aerospace Europe Conference 2023 – 10ᵀᴴ EUCASS – 9ᵀᴴ CEAS, 9-13 July 2023, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Lausanne: EUCASS. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13009/EUCASS2023-093.

7. Shen Y. A computational analysis of reversal behaviors of a spacecraft propellant management device. International Conference Optoelectronic Information and Optical
Engineering (OIOE 2024), 2024, Wuhan, China. Bellingham: SPIE, 2025. (Proceedings of SPIE; Vol. 13513). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3045569.

8. Windisch M., Beck R. Numerical Simulation and Optimisation of a Hemisсherical Metallic Membrane Designed for Positive Expulsion of a Propellant Tank (for
Replacement of Conventional PMD). Spacecraft Structures, Materials and Mechanical Testing: Proceedings of a European Conference, 4-6 November 1998, Braunschweig,
Germany. Paris: European Space Agency (ESA), 1999. Vol. 428. P. 45. ISBN 9290927127.

9. Mudrov D.S., Zil V.V. Doslidzhennia napruzheno-deformovanoho stanu vytysknykh diafrahm. Heotekhnichna mekhanika: zb. nauk. prats. / In-t heotekh. mekh. im. M.S.
Poliakova NAN Ukrainy. Dnipro, 2016. Vyp. 131. S. 173-182.

10. Mozharovskii M.S. Teoriia pruzhnosti, plastychnosti i povzuchosti: pidruchnyk / M.S. Mozharovskyi. K. : Vyshcha shkola, 2002. 308 s.

11. Libai A., Simmonds J.G. The Nonlinear Theory of Elastic Shells. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 564 p. ISBN 978-0-521-01976-7.

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2.1.2024 New and advanced liquid rocket engines of the Yuzhnoye SDO

Дмитрий Макренко — Mon, 25 Aug 2025 07:00:07 +0000

2. New and advanced liquid rocket engines of the Yuzhnoye SDO

ISSN: 2617-5525

e-ISSN: 2617-5533

Authors:

Prokopchuk O. O., Shulga V. A.

Organization:

Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine

Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2024, (1); 9-18

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2024.01.009

Language: Ukrainian

Annotation: Specialized design office for liquid engines was established on July 22, 1958 to develop engines and propulsion systems, powered by liquid propellants to be installed on the combat missile systems and integrated launch vehicles (LV), developed by Yuzhnoye SDO. Moreover, liquid engines design office was assigned with manufacturing and testing of the main rocket engines, developed by NPO Energomash and to be installed on Yuzhnoye-developed launch vehicles. Over the past 66 years Yuzhnoye SDO has developed more than 40 liquid rocket engines (LRE) of various purpose, designed both to gas-generator cycle and to staged combustion cycle. Seventeen of them were commercially produced by Yuzhmash PA and installed on launch vehicles. Nowadays Yuzhnoye propulsion experts keep working on development of the advanced liquid rocket engines powered both by cryogenic and hypergolic propellants, which satisfy the majority of launch service market demands. Within the framework of extensive cooperation with foreign space companies, on a contract basis, Yuzhnoye propulsion experts are working on the design and development testing of the liquid rocket engines, as well as their components. The accumulated vast experience in the development of liquid rocket engines nowadays enables high scientific and technical level in the creation of up-to-date engines, demanded in the world market. Significant steps in this area have been made by the experts from the Yuzhnoye propulsion division and then subsequent manufacture and delivery by Yuzhmash PA of the engine intended for the European rocket Vega Stage 4; and designing the individual components for the engines with thrusts ranging from 500 kgf to 200 tf ordered by foreign customers. This article provides the review of current and scheduled activities of the Yuzhnoye SDO to develop the liquid rocket engines within the thrust ranges from ~ 40 kgf to ~ 500 tf.

Key words: LOX-kerosene liquid rocket engines, hypergolic propellant liquid rocket engines, staged combustion cycle, main rocket engine, thrust, specific thrust impulse.

Bibliography:

Zhidkostnye raketnye dvigateli, dvigatelnye ustanovki, bortovye istochniki moschnosti, razrabotannye KB dvigatelnykh ustanovok GP«KB «Yuzhnoye». Za nauk. red. akad. NAN Ukrainy S.M. Konyukhova, kand. tekhn. nauk V.M. Shnyakina. Dnipropetrovsk: DP «KB «Pivdenne», 2008. 466 ark.
Prokopchyuk O. O., Shulga V. A., Khromyuk D. S., Sintyuk V. O. Zhidkostnye raketnye dvigateli GP«KB «Yuzhnoye»: nauk.-tekhn. zbirnyk. Za nauk. red. akademika NAN Ukrainy
O. V. Degtyareva. Dnipro: ART-PRES, 2019. 440 ark.

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2.1.2020 Analysis of development trends of design parameters and basic characteristics of missiles for the advanced multiple launch rocket systems

Вацлав Самусевич — Thu, 20 Jun 2024 11:10:04 +0000

2. Analysis of development trends of design parameters and basic characteristics of missiles for the advanced multiple launch rocket systems

ISSN: 2617-5525

e-ISSN: 2617-5533

Authors:

Aksenenko A. V.¹, Hurskyi O. I.¹, Klochkov A. S.¹, Kondratiuk Ye. A.¹, Senkin V. S.², Siutkina-Doronina S. V.²

Organization:

Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine¹; The Institute of Technical Mechanics, Dnipro, Ukraine²

Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2020, (1); 13-25

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2020.01.013

Language: Russian

Annotation: The scientific and methodological propositions for the designing single-stage guided missiles with the solid rocket motors for advanced multiple launch rocket systems are defined. The guided missiles of multiple launch rocket system are intended for delivering munitions to the given spatial point with required and specified kinematic motion parameters at the end of flight. The aim of the article is an analysis of the development trends of the guided missiles with the solid rocket motors for the multiple launch rocket systems, identifying the characteristics and requirements for the flight trajectories, design parameters, control programs, overall dimensions and mass characteristics, structural layout and aerodynamic schemes of missiles. The formalization of the complex task to optimize design parameters, trajectory parameters and motion control programs for the guided missiles capable of flying along the ballistic, aeroballistic or combined trajectories is given. The complex task belongs to a problem of the optimal control theory with limitations in form of equa lity, inequality and differential constraints. To simplify the problem, an approach to program forming is proposed for motion control in the form of polynomial that brings the problem of the optimal control theory to a simpler problem of nonlinear mathematical programming. When trajectory parameters were calculated the missile was regarded as a material point of variable mass and the combined equations for center-of-mass motion of the guided missile with projections on axes of the terrestrial reference system were used. The structure of the mathematical model was given along with the calculation sequence of the criterion function that was used for determination of the optimal parameters, programs and characteristics. The mathematical model of the guided missile provides adequate accuracy for design study to determine depending on the main design parameters: overall dimensions and mass characteristics of the guided missile in general and its structural comp onents and subsystems; power, thrust and consumption characteristics of the rocket motor; aerodynamic and ballistic characteristics of the guided missile. The developed methodology was tested by determining design and trajectory parameters, overall dimensions and mass characteristics, power and ballistic characteristics of two guided missiles with wings for advanced multiple launch rocket systems produced by the People’s Republic of China, using the limited amount of information available in the product catalog.

Key words: multiple launch rocket systems (MLRS), complex problem of the optimal control theory, problem of nonlinear mathematical programming, main solid rocket motor, limitations for motion parameters and basic characteristics of the guided missiles

Bibliography:

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4. Reaktivnye sistemy zalpovogo ognia zarubezhnykh stran: obzor po materialam otkrytoi pechati za 1987–2016 gg. i interneta. Dnipro, 2016. Ч. I. 205 s.

5. Upravliaemye OTRK i TRK stran mira: obzor po materialam otkrytoi otechestvennoi i zarubezhnoi pechati za 2008–2014 gg. i interneta. Dnipro, 2014. 162 s.

6. Tail controlled rocket demonstrates near-vertical impact at extended range. URL: https://www.army.mil/article-amp/207357/tail_controlled_rocket_demonstrates_near_vertical_impact_at_extended_range (Access date 01.09.2019).

7. SY-400 Short-Range Ballistic Missile. URL: http://www.military-today.com/missiles/sy_400.htm (Access date 01.09.2019).

8. Vohniana “Vilkha”: nova vysokotochna systema zalpovoho vohnyu. Vpershe – detalno. URL: https://defence-ua.com/index.php/statti/4588-vohnyana-vilkha-nova-vysokotochna-systema-zalpovoho-vohnyu-vpershe-detalno (Access date 01.09.2019).

9. Gurov S. V. Reaktivnye sistemy zalpovogo ognia: obzor. 1-е izd. Tula, 2006. 432 s.

10. The new M30A1 GMLRS Alternate Warhead to replace cluster bombs for US Army Central 71601171. URL: https://www.armyrecognition.com/weapons_defence_industry_military_technology_uk/the_new_m30a1_gmlrs_alternate_warhead_to_replace_cluster_bombs_for_us_army_central_71601171.html (Access date 01.09.2019).

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13. Effectivnost slozhnykh system. Dinamicheskie modeli / V. А. Vinogradov, V. А. Hrushchansky, S. S. Dovhodush i dr. М., 1989. 285 s.

14. Ilichev А. V., Volkov V. D., Hrushchansky V. А. Effectivnost proektiruemykh elementov slozhnykh system: ucheb. posobie. М., 1982. 280 s.

15. Krotov V. F., Gurman V. I. Metody I zadachi optimalnogo upravleniia. М., 1973. 446 s.

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19. Siniukov А. М., Volkov L. I., Lvov А. I., Shishkevich А. М. Ballisticheskaia raketa na tverdom toplive / pod red. А. М. Siniukova. М., 1972. 511 s.

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Effect of a guided rocket object’s lateral maneuver on the flight range and lateral deviation

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Effect of a guided rocket object’s lateral maneuver on the flight range and lateral deviation

S.V. Siutkina-Doronina (2024)

Problems in the system analysis of space activities in Ukraine. Rocket and spacecraft dynamics and control

A.P. Alpatov (2021)

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12.1.2024 Hardening of steels modifying their surfaces with ion-plasma nitriding in glow discharge

manager — Mon, 17 Jun 2024 11:36:02 +0000

12. Hardening of steels modifying their surfaces with ion-plasma nitriding in glow discharge

ISSN: 2617-5525

e-ISSN: 2617-5533

Authors:

Nadtoka V. M.¹, Shtapenko Ye. P.², Kraeva V. S.¹, Kraev M. V.¹

Organization:

Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine¹; Ukrainian State University of Science and Technologies²

Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2024, (1); 102-113

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2024.01.102

Language: Ukrainian

Annotation: Steel hardening technology is considered, which implies modification of the steel surface with the method of ion-plasma nitriding in glow discharge. Ion-plasma nitriding is a multi-factor process, which requires the study of the influence of nitriding process conditions on the structure of modified layers, which, in its turn, determines their mechanical properties. The subjects of research included: austenitic steel 12X18Н10T, carbon steel Ст3 and structural steel 45. There were two conditions of plasma creation during the research: free location of samples on the surface of the cathode (configuration I) and inside the hollow cathode (configuration II). Optimal parameters of the ion-plasma nitriding process have been determined, which provide stability of the process and create conditions for intensive diffusion of nitrogen into the steel surface. Hydrogen was added to the argon-nitrogen gaseous medium to intensify the nitriding process. Working pressure in the chamber was maintained within the range of 250-300 Pa, the duration of the process was 120 minutes. Comparative characteristics of the structure and microhardness of the modified surfaces of the steels under study for two ion-plasma nitriding technologies are presented. Metallographic examination of the structure of the surface modified layers in the cross section showed the presence of the laminated nitrided layer, which consists of different phases and has different depths, depending on the material of the sample and treatment mode. Nitrided layer of 12Х18Н10Т steel consisted of four sublayers: upper “white” nitride layer, double diffuse layer and lower transition layer. The total depth of the nitrided layer after the specified treatment time reached 23 μm, use of hollow cathode increased it by 26% to 29 μm. The nitrided layers of steel Ст3 and steel 45 consisted of two sublayers – thick “white” nitride layer and general diffuse layer with a thickness of about 18 μm. The microhardness of the nitrided layer of steel Ст3 was 480 HV, increasing by 2,5 times, and for steel 45 was 440 HV, increasing by 1,7 times. The use of hollow cathode for these steels reduces the depth of the nitrided layer, but at the same time the microhardness increases due to the formation of a thicker and denser nitride layer on the surface. The results of the conducted research can be used to strengthen the surfaces of the steel parts in rocket and space technology, applying high-strength coatings.

Key words: ion nitriding, glow discharge, cross-sectional layer structure, hardening, microhardness

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8.1.2024 Theoretic-experimental evaluation of the solid-propellant grain erosive burning

Дмитрий Макренко — Mon, 17 Jun 2024 08:41:58 +0000

8. Theoretic-experimental evaluation of the solid-propellant grain erosive burning

ISSN: 2617-5525

e-ISSN: 2617-5533

Автори: Taran M. V., Moroz V. G.

Organization: Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine

Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2024, (1); 72-77

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2024.01.072

Language: Ukrainian

Annotation: The high demands for the flow rate and thrust characteristics specified for the modern solid-propellant rocket motors (SRM) under the strict mass and overall dimensions constraints require high level of mass fraction of propellant. And in the process of propellant grain combustion, erosive burning often takes place (increase of propellant burning rate depending on combustion products flow rate along the grain channel). This may play both negative (off-design increase of chamber pressure) and positive role (for example, increasing the launch thrust-to-weight ratio of the rocket). It is typical of the main SRMs of various rocket systems (multiple launch rocket systems, anti-aircraft guided missiles, tactical missiles, boosters). This paper proposes a methodology for calculating the internal ballistic characteristics of a solid propellant rocket motor under erosive burning, which is relatively time and resource consuming. The methodology is based on equidistant model of propellant grain combustion, where grain is divided lengthwise into a number of intervals. For any point of time during the engine operation, burning area and port area of each interval are calculated, taking into account erosive impact on each interval; total burning area is the sum of all intervals burning areas. Gas flow rate in each interval of the grain channel is calculated using gas-dynamic equations. The motor mass flow rate is a mass input sum of all the intervals; and the burning rate in each interval is estimated with proper erosion factor. The combustion chamber pressure had been calculated for four erosive burning models proposed by different authors. All the models showed convergence with the experimental SRM test data sufficient for engineering estimate (in particular, for maximum chamber pressure and combustion time). Selected as a result erosive burning model may be used to design new motors with solid propellants similar in chemical composition, and the model parameters are to be further customized using the test specimens.

Key words: rocket motor, solid propellant, erosive burning, internal ballistic characteristics

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15.1.2024 Enhancing operability of the fuel system units in the hot climate conditions

manager — Mon, 17 Jun 2024 07:43:36 +0000

15. Enhancing operability of the fuel system units in the hot climate conditions

ISSN: 2617-5525

e-ISSN: 2617-5533

Authors:

Udod A. M.¹, Skokov O. I.¹, Volovschikova V. V.¹, Shepel S. V.², Litvinova M. V.², Steshenko K. A.¹

Organization:

DINTEM Ukrainian Research Design-Technological Institute of Elastomer Materials and Products LLC¹; FED Joint Stock Company²

Page: Kosm. teh. Raket. vooruž. 2024, (1); 129-135

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33136/stma2024.01.129

Language: Ukrainian

Annotation: The article dwells on the problem of enhancement of durability for the mechanical rubber articles, which is directly related to the enhance of rubber resistance to various types of heat aging. Heat resistance during compression is most important for rubbers used for seals of various types: rings, collars, armored collars, gaskets for aviation and rocket technology hardware. Stress relaxation and the accumulation of relative residual deformation of rubbers, caused by the kinetic rearrangement of chemical bonds, are extremely sensitive to the influence of high temperatures. The main cause of the defects is the loss of elastic properties of the seals because of the accelerated heat aging of the nitrile group under conditions of long-term exposure to elevated temperatures in conditions of hot climate. The results of accelerated climatic testing of specimens of mechanical rubber articles, as well as the results of climatic endurance testing of the units for the period simulating 20-year service life are specified, and the main types of defects which result in the loss of performance properties of the mechanical rubber articles are as follows: great (up to 100%) residual deformation of intersections, cracking, loss of elasticity. The warranty life of fuel system units, made of ИРП-1078 nitrile rubber, does not exceed 12 years. Replacing the existing rubbers with rubbers created on the basis of more heat-bearing rubbers is the most promising way to improve the performance properties of the mechanical rubber articles under the high temperatures. The new D2301 rubber is based on fluorosiloxane rubber. It provides high thermal stability and, especially, the ability to maintain high performance properties for a long time under the simultaneous impact of hostile environment and high temperatures. The results of climatic endurance testing of fuel system units, equipped with rubber articles made of D2301 rubber, fully justify the increase of the specified service life of the specified units from 12 to 16 years. It is recommended to introduce D2301 rubber into the effective normative documentation and continue studies in order to extend the nomenclature of mechanical rubber articles made of D2301 rubber to provide the reliable sealing of units during the service life of 16 years or longer.

Key words: leaktightness of articles, fluorosiloxane rubber, rubber, temperature of the hot climate, physical-mechanical properties of the rubber, climatic endurance tests, elastic properties, warranty life

Bibliography:

Lepetov V. A., Yurtsev L. N. Raschet i konstruirovanie rezinovykh izdeliy. Moskva.
Khimia. 1971. 417 s.

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